検索キーワード： 論理学・言語学

Brought to you by Penguin. In very recent times humanity has learnt a vast amount about the universe, the past, and itself. But through our remarkable successes in acquiring knowledge we have learned how much we have yet to learn: the science we have, for example, addresses just 5% of the...

This work sets forth a theory which is speculative in nature, there being no verifying experiments. It is based on the idea of the reversibility of everything in time; that is, that every type of process has its time image, a corresponding process which is its exact reverse with respect to time.

The history of Western thought contains hundreds of statements by philosophers testifying to the use of esoteric writing in their own work or others'. Despite this well-documented history, however, esotericism is often dismissed today as a rare occurrence. But by ignoring esotericism, we risk cutting ourselves off from a full understanding of Western philosophical thought. Arthur M. Melzer serves as our guide in this engaging history of philosophical esotericism. Walking listeners through both an ancient and a modern esoteric work, he explains what esotericism is - and is not.

Die adjektivische Passiversatzform 'unverständlich' ist transformierbar in den Ausdruck 'kann nicht verstanden werden'. Das Modalverb 'können' hat typischerweise drei Funktionen: Kompetenz, Möglichkeit, Erlaubnis. An jeder schriftlichen Kommunikation sind (sehr einfach ausgedrückt) mindestens drei Momente beteiligt: ein Produzent, Zeichen, ein Rezipient. Wenn ein Zeichen, ein Wort, ein Satz, ein Text als 'unverständlich' bewertet wird, ist fragbar: Warum? "Die Fragmente von Friedrich Schlegel sind unverständlich." Mögliche Gründe: (1) Der Autor hat nicht die Kompetenz, sich verständlich mitzuteilen.

"Philosophy is not a theory," asserted Austro-British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), "but an activity." In this 1921 opus, his only philosophical work published during his lifetime, Wittgenstein defined the object of philosophy as the logical clarification of thoughts and proposed the solution to most philosophic problems by means of a critical method of linguistic analysis.

Dialéctica erística: El arte de tener razón, es un pequeño tratado inconcluso escrito por el filósofo alemán Arthur Schopenhauer, basado principalmente en los Tópicos de Aristóteles. Fue publicado en 1864, póstumamente.

Are you sick and tired of not being taken seriously? Read on to discover the secret of convincing others through logical arguments. The discussion is getting heated, everybody has an opinion. You try to chime in and for a moment, your theory has everybody’s attention. Just like lightning, however, someone else hijacks the conversation and everybody forgets what you’ve just said.

Réalités scientifiques/métaphysiques des images illustrées (Hiéroglyphes) comme moyens ultimes pour la conscience humaine qui interprètent, traitent et conservent les significations de ces images. Ce livre traduit en français couvre le sujet du langage métaphysique des représentations/images des hiéroglyphes égyptiens- le langage de l’esprit/de l’intellect/du divin, les réalités scientifiques/métaphysiques des images pictographiques (hiéroglyphes) comme le moyen ultime pour la conscience humaine qui interprète, traite et garde les significations de telles images...

Ce livre traduit en français couvre le sujet du langage métaphysique des représentations/images des hiéroglyphes égyptiens- le langage de l’esprit/de l’intellect/du divin, les réalités scientifiques/métaphysiques des images pictographiques (hiéroglyphes) comme le moyen ultime pour la conscience humaine qui interprète, traite et garde les significations de telles images.

Philosophical Investigations was published in 1953, two years after the death of its author. In the preface written in Cambridge in 1945 where he was professor of philosophy he states: ‘Four years ago I had occasion to re-read my first book (the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus) and to explain its ideas to someone. It suddenly seemed to me that I should publish those old thoughts and the new ones together: that the latter could be seen in the right light only by contrast with and against the background of my old way of thinking.’

“A thinking mind is an active mind” they say. This book is meant for general consumption, specifically for children and teenagers between the ages of seven to 16. This book was inspired by you, yes you! And it aims at clarifying and making their minds ready for the outside world as they grow. It is an avenue for youths of these ages to put on their thinking caps and questioning spirits so they can know more about the world they live in. This book has many benefits, resources, and qualities to add to their lives, as well as impact to make in their daily lives.

In this guide, you will receive greater comprehension of what fallacies are and close your blind spot to the truth of things. Later, the author goes on to instruct you on inductive and deductive reasoning, which are two techniques that help people reach logical conclusions without going astray in their paths of thinking.

Many people don’t understand what critical thinking is. Moreover, not all the ones that do, apply it in their daily lives. Politics, the media, and so many other aspects of society show how small the number is of people who use their brains. Critical thinking means, among others, that you look at multiple sides of a controversial topic, that you can stay objective and put away your biases until you have reached a firm conclusion based on verifiable facts. This skill is highly valuable in job interviews, relationships, and everyday life.

The attributes of such a person are elaborately described in this book. Alongside with that, the book highlights the many benefits of critical thinking, an often-neglected brain skills society needs to improve on. However, most of the book is focused on relevant and irrelevant reasoning. So often, we attribute certain consequences to the wrong causes. We jump to conclusions based on limited information, emotions, or generalizations. This book will clear all that up by giving you new insights to determine what is relevant and what is not.

"Sulle spalle dei giganti" rappresenta per i lettori di Eco un evento festoso. Lontano dalle aule universitarie, dai congressi accademici, dalle cerimonie onorarie, Eco scrive questi testi, nel corso di tre lustri, per intrattenere gli spettatori (che ogni volta per lui accorrono a frotte) della Milanesiana, il festival ideato e diretto da Elisabetta Sgarbi. Testi che il più delle volte traggono spunto dal tema stesso che ogni anno la Milanesiana si dà, per poi scorrere lungo rivoli di un repertorio che attinge alla filosofia quanto alla letteratura, all'estetica, all'etica.

Are your arguments relevant or not? Can you find logic in words, or are the concepts behind them related to the expression? These and many other questions regarding critical thinking skills will be addressed in this comprehensive guide. The author looks at things from a different perspective and uses scientific methods to uncover the truth.

The majority of this book is based on the concept of fallacies. This idea is the notion that people often come up with the wrong reasoning, the wrong conclusions, and the wrong steps in their logic. Since they do this, they often argue about things that completely seem to contradict each other, but they don’t. Many people base their fallacies on emotions, past experiences, biased thoughts, or some other thing that gets in the way of pure, correct, infallible logic.

The front cover of the second edition of Language, Truth and Logic carried this statement in capital letters: ‘THE CLASSIC TEXT WHICH FOUNDED LOGICAL POSITIVISM - AND MODERN BRITISH PHILOSOPHY.’ It was a bold statement, but the book, first published in 1936 when A. J. Ayer was just 25 and a lecturer on philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford, drew unstinting praise from leading figures in the field, including Bertrand Russell.

Critical thinking can be defined as "finding out how to think better by enhancing one's thinking skills". People who are critical thinkers use the thinking procedure to evaluate, consider, reflect on, and piece together what they have learned or are currently learning. Unfortunately, much of everybody's thinking tends to be prejudiced, imprecise, uncertain, uninformed, or even sexist or racist. Since this ends up being significantly limiting, critical thinking is needed to improve its quality and value.

In How Propaganda Works, Jason Stanley demonstrates that more attention needs to be paid. He examines how propaganda operates subtly, how it undermines democracy - particularly the ideals of democratic deliberation and equality - and how it has damaged democracies of the past.