Sarah and Ryan Marta, proud parents of three girls from Central Texas, began noticing that their middle daughter, Kinsley, was slow to reach mobility milestones in her early years. During a visit to a friend’s house, concerns about her vision were raised, prompting a check-up. What began as a single hospital visit quickly turned into many. An MRI revealed abnormal levels of white matter in Kinsley’s brain—leading to the devastating and confusing diagnosis of a nano-rare neurodegenerative disease called TUBB4A.

Looking high and low for help, they eventually discovered n-Lorem, a non-profit that discovers and develops personalized medicines for extremely rare individuals like Kinsley.

Kinsley is lively and cheerful with infectious laughter and a bright smile that lights up every room. She loves singing at the top of her lungs, swinging in the fresh air, and spending endless hours playing with her sisters and cousins. Kinsley uses a mobility walker to get around, but one of her biggest dreams is to run. When asked what she’d do after running, she simply says, “I’d run some more.”

On This Episode We Discuss:

2:35 - Early signs of Kinsley’s disease and her TUBB4A diagnosis

4:00 - Fight or flight – Sarah and Ryan did all they could to seek help

7:30 - Defining TUBB4A

9:40 - Kinsley's challenges today

11:00 - The impact rare diseases have on families

14:40 – Kinsley wants to do more, and an n-Lorem medicine provides optimism

Links: 2025 Nano-rare Patient Colloquium Agenda and Registration - https://www.nlorem.org/nano-rare-patient-colloquium-2025/

Donate to n-Lorem - https://www.nlorem.org/donate/

Hongene Biotech - https://hongene.com/

Emerging observations from our work at n-Lorem suggest that not all developmental delays are permanent. In the absence of structural damage—such as microcephaly, congenital deformities of the skull or bones, or organ malformations—there appears to be potential for improvement in movement disorders, cognition, autistic features, and more. These insights point to a level of resilience and plasticity in the central nervous system that may be greater than previously believed, and they are beginning to reshape how the scientific community understands the brain. On This Episode We Discuss:

• 2:12 The idea that a missed or delayed developmental step can lead to permanent deficits might not be true
• 3:30 Observations that support the conclusions that developmental deficits aren't permanent unless they cause structural damage, like microcephaly, bone or skull deformities, or organ malformation
• 5:55 ASO treatment can dramatically enhance muscle strength
• 7:54 Abnormal movements and the inability to control movement
• 11:30 The damage seizures cause lead to further developmental delays
• 12:46 We’ve observed improvement in those with ataxia, or dizziness
• 14:25 Improved cognition observed in patients with various mutations, genes, and forms of intellectual disability
• 15:00 Recovery of speech and improvements in autistic features, such as intellectual disability, and other associated manifestations
• 16:10 Severe neuropathic pain makes development difficult, and reduction in pain has been observed
• 16:40 Ongoing issues with autonomic nervous system control—including blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, light response, and digestive and urinary function—are debilitating and make normal development nearly impossible
• 18:00 The implications of these observations are transforming the scientific community’s understanding of the brain and central nervous system

Links:

2025 Nano-rare Patient Colloquium Agenda and Registration - https://www.nlorem.org/nano-rare-patient-colloquium-2025/

Donate to n-Lorem - https://www.nlorem.org/donate/

Hongene Biotech - https://hongene.com/

At n-Lorem, every investment decision carries real weight by directly affecting the nano-rare patients we serve. We think very deeply about each decision of how to invest the limited and precious dollars that we have. But what about investing in basic research to advance antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology for the future? Certainly, most of the money should and is being put towards creating ASOs to help patients in need today. Meanwhile, it is also our belief that we must invest to continue innovating and, in this episode, we explore the research occurring at n-Lorem today that will lead to better treatments for more nano-rare patients tomorrow. On this episode we discuss: - ASO technology is still evolving unlike other validated drug discovery technologies

- Nano-rare patients need more from ASO technology

- Reasons n-Lorem are unable to help more patients

• Loss of function mutations
• Mutations that cause dysfunction of an organ to which ASOs distribute at only high doses
• Innate immune activation
• Challenges in creating allele-selective ASOs

- Solutions to these challenges are possible and we know how to do it

• Advances in loss of function mutations
• Targeted delivery to muscle, the immune system, the gut and heart
• Controlling innate immune activation
• Enhanced allele-selectivity

Links:

Colloquium - https://www.nlorem.org/nano-rare-patient-colloquium-2025/

Donate - https://www.nlorem.org/donate/

The Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) is composed of distinguished, independent experts in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology, clinical trial design and evaluation, and drug development. Many are also dedicated clinicians who care for patients with rare diseases. This board provides unbiased safety oversight by reviewing accumulated data from all investigator-initiated studies involving n-Lorem’s ASO medicines.

n-Lorem's DSMB is chaired by Dr. Eugene Schneider, Executive Vice President and Chief Clinical Development and Operations Officer at Ionis Pharmaceuticals.

On This Episode We Discuss:

• 2:20 – What is the Data Safety Monitoring Board at n-Lorem?
• 6:50 – Monitoring the data from each and every treated n-Lorem patient is essential
• 9:40 – The DSMB consists of a collection of physicians and other experts
• 13:20 – As the number of n-Lorem patients grows, the DSMB’s responsibilities have expanded significantly—yet members remain deeply committed to supporting the mission
• 17:05 – The DSMB’s goal is to avoid any ASO-related serious adverse events (SAEs) and minimize adverse events
• 19:20 – During his time as Chair of the DSMB, Eugene has learned lessons in patience and humility
• 21:00 The judgements of monitoring boards can and will affect lives

Links: n-Lorem 2025 Nano-rare Patient Colloquium: https://www.nlorem.org/nano-rare-patient-colloquium-2025/

Donate to support n-Lorem programs: https://www.nlorem.org/donate/

Hongene Biotech: https://www.hongene.com/

Connor Gooley is the first patient ever treated with an ASO for TUBB4A-Related Leukodystrophy, a condition that severely disrupts his nervous system, slows nerve impulses, and impairs his fine motor skills. As a result, Connor cannot speak, walk, sit up on his own, or chew well. Still, he manages to army crawl, propel himself in his wheelchair, and use a gait trainer. He’s also remarkably resilient—rarely crying or complaining despite the daily challenges he faces.

In this episode of the Patient Empowerment Program, Connor’s parents, Diana and Mike, share their family’s journey from diagnosis to treatment and reflect on their observations of Connor after more than six months on an n-Lorem discovered and developed treatment.

On This Episode We Discuss:

1:33 Shaking eyes were the first sign of Connor’s rare disease

4:10 An MRI revealed little to no myelin, leading to whole genome sequencing and an eventual TUBB4A genetic mutation diagnosis

7:10 Connecting with another family with the same mutation

10:00 Finding n-Lorem through a ‘seeking patient candidates’ advertisement in a Global Genes annual report

12:26 Contextualizing Connor’s TUBB4A mutation in simple terms

21:19 How rare diseases affect families and creating a new normal

27:41 Receiving treatment in Boston and contemplating the decision to agree to an experimental treatment for their son

32:00 Observations after 6 months on treatment

35:45 n-Lorem has given the Gooley family hope for a better future for Connor

Links:

Hongene Biotech: https://www.hongene.com/

Donate to n-Lorem / Support nano-rare: https://www.nlorem.org/donate/

n-Lorem 2025 NRPC: https://www.nlorem.org/nano-rare-patient-colloquium-2025/

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a groundbreaking, and mind-blowing, scientific advancement—one of many that help make it possible for n-Lorem to do what we do. In short, typical skin cells (such as fibroblasts) are taken from an individual and reprogrammed using specific factors to become iPSCs. These iPSCs are then redifferentiated into any desired cell type in the body, such as muscle or liver cells. You can do that? Yes, and we do! The most common cell type that we use at n-Lorem are neurons (nerve cells). These cells are not easily accessible in living humans without serious surgeries and that is why scientists instead use iPSCs to grow them.

On This Episode We Discuss: 1:23 - What are Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells? 5:45 - Chromatin – compressed DNA and proteins 9:13 - Differentiation and de-differentiation 10:26 - Transcription and transcription factors 12:35 - Why are iPSCs important? 15:20 - Making iPSC and re-differentiating them into the cells we study is time consuming and expensive Important Links: n-Lorem 2025 Nano-rare Patient Colloquium - https://www.nlorem.org/nano-rare-patient-colloquium-2025/

Support nano-rare with a donation to n-Lorem: https://www.nlorem.org/donate/ Learn about Hongene Biotech: https://hongene.com/

What Are Chemicals? | How Drugs Work in the Body | Understanding Homeostasis

We’re all made of chemicals—but what exactly is a chemical? In this video, we break down the basics: chemicals are forms of matter that exist as solids, liquids, or gases. Inside living organisms, these chemicals create complex networks that keep us alive and balanced—a process known as homeostasis.

Drugs are chemicals too! They work by interacting with these biological networks to help restore or adjust how the body functions. Whether you’re a curious learner, a patient, or a future scientist, understanding these fundamentals can empower better decisions about your health and treatment.

🔬 Learn more about biology, medicine, and how science impacts your daily life.

💊 Subscribe for more videos on drug development, health, and patient education.

Full Intro to Medical Science Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrDVyc3t26Fy5aQpo3mulackGlUwrIqYL

In This Episode, We Explore

- What exactly is a chemical—and why it matters - The definition of a drug and how it works in the body - How chemical reactions power life - Biochemicals: the molecules that make living systems tick - Cells: the basic building blocks of life - Types of polymers and their roles in biology - The languages of life: how nucleic acids and proteins communicate - DNA and RNA—what they are and what they do - What happens when genes change: understanding mutations - The difference between helpful and harmful gene mutations

What makes antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) so special? Let’s first understand what an oligonucleotide is. An oligonucleotide is a short strand of synthetic DNA or RNA (a nucleic-acid chain), usually consisting of up to approximately 20 nucleotides long—designed to bind with specific sequences in the body. At n-Lorem, our ASO technology is built on more than 30 years of research, innovation, and investment. It’s uniquely suited for treating nano-rare diseases—ultra-rare genetic conditions that affect just one or a few individuals. The versatility and specificity of ASOs allow us to address a wide variety of gene mutations, creating customized therapies for each unique patient. Compared to other traditional drug discovery platforms, discovering and developing an optimal ASO is inexpensive, quick and can be used to treat diseases that are caused by many different types of gene mutations. ASOs work by binding to RNA, thereby modifying the expression of disease-causing proteins. This makes them exceptionally well-suited for treating diseases caused by rare or unique genetic mutations. On This Episode We Discuss:

- The repurposing of small molecule drugs

- The promise and limitations of gene replacement therapies

- What makes ASO drug development different—and better—for nano-rare diseases

- A brief history of modern drug development

- How regulatory frameworks evolved after medical disasters

- The decentralization of the biotechnology industry

- What challenges still lie ahead in genetic medicine

Intro to Medical Science Series YouTube Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrDVyc3t26Fy5aQpo3mulackGlUwrIqYL