It is well-established that neurons have a high energy (ATP) demand and that mitochondrial impairment can render neurons vulnerable to degeneration. However, surprisingly little is known about the involvement of mitochondria in the activation and plasticity of individual synapses. In this episode Vidhya Rangaraju, head of the Neuroenergetics Laboratory at the Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, talks about her research on mitochondria and ATP in presynaptic axon terminals and postsynaptic dendrites and their roles in presynaptic vesicle cycling and postsynaptic dendritic spine plasticity. Elucidation of roles for mitochondrial dynamics and signaling in synaptic compartments will advance an understanding of mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the healthy brain and of dysfunction and degeneration of synapses in neurodegenerative disorders.

LINKS

Rangaraju laboratory:

https://rangarajulab.org/

Research findings discussed in this episode

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2814%2900013-0

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2818%2931627-1

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10766606/pdf/41467_2023_Article_44233.pdf

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.09.648032v1

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12407993/pdf/nihpp-2025.08.27.672715v1.pdf

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4091730/pdf/nihms596598.pdf

How does the brain rapidly integrate information coming our different senses with stored information, and their saliences, so as to make decisions and respond (or not)? In this episode I talk with UCLA Professor Lucina Uddin who investigates the relationships between connectivity of different brain regions and cognition with an emphasis on brain development and disorders thereof. In this episode I talk with Lucina about the insular cortex and evidence that it functions as a gatekeeper to neural networks distributed throughout the cerebral cortex including those in: the frontal and parietal cortexes that are known to mediate higher order executive functions and goal-directed behaviors; the default mode network (involved in 'mind-wandering' and self-reflection); and the salience network which includes connections with the anterior cingulate cortex and subcortical circuits involved in emotional processing. Professor Uddin has summarized the overall functions of the insular cortex as follows "The microanatomy and large-scale connectivity of the insular cortex positions it to play a critical role in triaging and integrating internal and external multisensory stimuli in the service of initiating higher-order control functions. Multiple lines of evidence scaffold the novel hypothesis that, as a key hub for integration and a lever of network switching, the anterior insula serves as a critical gatekeeper to executive control."

LINKS

The Uddin Laboratory: https://teams.semel.ucla.edu/bccl

Review article on the insular cortex: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763422002251?via%3Dihub

Additional relevant articles:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8491685/pdf/bhab156.pdf

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7785575/pdf/nihms-1610276.pdf

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein and the source of the amyloid beta-peptide that accumulates in plaques in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. However, the normal function(s) of APP are uncertain. In this episode I talk with Bassem Hassan, a developmental neurobiologist and molecular biologist at the Paris Brain Institute who has made major contributions that advance an understanding of the functions of specific genes in the processes of neurogenesis and the formation of neural networks. His research has provided evidence that APP normally functions in the regulation of brain development by influencing neuron progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and axon growth. These effects of APP on brain development involve facilitation of the well-known Wnt signaling pathway. Such findings suggest that genetic aberrancies that result in brain disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's may result from alterations in brain development that predispose to disease manifestation later in life.

LINKS

About Dr. Hassan:

https://parisbraininstitute.org/collaborators/hassan-bassem

Dr. Hassan's publications: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=F8ExcEsAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao

Articles on APP function discussed in this podcast:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10275593/pdf/sciadv.add5002.pdf

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8437438/pdf/elife-69199.pdf

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/141/13/2543/46288/Amyloid-precursor-protein-and-neural-development?guestAccessKey=

https://journals.physiology.org/doi/epdf/10.1152/physrev.1997.77.4.1081

There are about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synaptic connections between them in the human brain. The activity of those neural networks is controlled by only a handful of major neurotransmitters and all neurons respond to the excitatory transmitter glutamate and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. This poses a major problem for using drugs that block or activate neurotransmitter receptors in understanding the function of specific circuits within and between brain regions and for treating neurological disorders. Ideally, the experimental neuroscientist wants to precisely control the activity of specific circuits of interest and the clinician wants to normalize the activity in dysfunctional circuits without altering the function of other circuits. Dr. Michael Tadross at Duke University has recently developed an ingenious solution to the problem of targeting selected neuron types with drugs – a technology called DART (drugs acutely targeted by tethering). In this episode Mike talks about his career path and how DART can be used to advance an understanding the function of specific neural circuits and may be used to restore brain function in disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

LINKS

Tadross laboratory: https://www.tadrosslab.com/tadross

Deconstructing behavioral neuropharmacology with cellular specificity: https://www-science-org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/doi/epdf/10.1126/science.aaj2161

DART.2: bidirectional synaptic pharmacology with thousandfold cellular specificity.: file:///Users/markmattson/Downloads/s41592-024-02292-9.pdf

Natural phasic inhibition of dopamine neurons signals cognitive rigidity: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11100816/pdf/nihpp-2024.05.09.593320v2.pdf

Distributed throughout the brain are oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) capable of proliferating and differentiating into the oligodendrocytes that wrap around axons (myelination) thereby greatly increasing signal propagation in neural networks. OPCs are essential for axon myelination during brain development, can enhance myelination in response to neural network activity, and can remyelinate axons in response to injury or in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this episode I talk with Johns Hopkins Professor Dwight Bergles about his career and work that is identifying the molecular pathways that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs, their integration into brain circuits and their roles in neuroplasticity in health in disease. During the past quarter century Dwight and his lab members and collaborators made several major discoveries that revealed previously unknown capabilities and functions of OPCs including that they receive synaptic inputs from glutamatergic neurons and respond to neuronal network activity locally and at a distance. And beyond their role in myelination very recent brain-wide cellular and molecular mapping studies suggest an even broader repertoire of OPC functions in the brain throughout life.

LINKS

Bergles Laboratory: https://bergleslab.com/

Oligodendrocyte Development and Plasticity.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4743079/pdf/cshperspect-GLI-a020453.pdf

Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus.

file:///Users/markmattson/Downloads/35012083.pdf

Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3807738/pdf/nihms-463905.pdf

Brain-wide mapping of oligodendrocyte organization, oligodendrogenesis, and myelin injury.

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2826%2900112-1

Myelin is repaired by constitutive differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12997438/pdf/nihms-2139155.pdf

How do neural networks in the cerebral cortex transform incoming sensory information to generate perceptions of the world and elicit behavioral responses? This question is being tackled in the laboratory UC Berkeley Professor Hillel Adesnik whose research program is aimed at understanding exactly how microcircuits in the cerebral cortex process sensory information to generate perceptions and drive behavior. To achieve this goal he deploys cutting-edge optical, genetic, and electrophysiological methods to monitor and manipulate specific subsets of cortical neurons in awake behaving mice. In this episode Hillel talks about the organization of neural circuits in the visual cortex and how cortical microcircuits generate and modify sensory precepts. This research is moving the field closer to understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms by which incoming sensory information is integrated with stored information to produce decisions and actions.

LINKS

Adesnik laboratory at Berkeley

https://adesnik.berkeley.edu/

Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2908490/pdf/nihms214939.pdf

Probing neural codes with two-photon holographic optogenetics.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9793863/pdf/nihms-1753572.pdf

The logic of recurrent circuits in the primary visual cortex

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774145/pdf/41593_2023_Article_1510.pdf

Recurrent pattern completion drives the neocortical representation of sensory inference

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12586158/pdf/41593_2025_Article_2055.pdf

Feature-tuned synaptic inputs to somatostatin interneurons drive context-dependent processing

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12919646/pdf/nihms-2132228.pdf

Lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingolipids, ceramides, triglycerides, fatty acids, and others) play vital roles as the major building blocks of cell membranes and in energy metabolism, and cell signaling. University of Alberta cell biologist Maria Ioannou is using cutting-edge cell imaging and biochemistry technologies to elucidate how lipids are moved within and between cells, and how those processes are involved in normal brain functions and if and how those processes are altered in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. She discovered that when neurons are subjected to oxidative stress they accumulate oxidized potentially toxic lipids which are then extruded from the neurons in vesicles which are subsequently internalized by adjacent astrocytes thereby preventing damage to the neurons. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease with ApoE4 increasing risk and ApoE2 and ApoE3 decreasing risk. Maria's laboratory provided evidence that the protective ApoEs enhance removal of toxic lipids from neurons wherease ApoE4 exacerbates accumulation of the toxic lipids in neurons Recently her lab provided that excessive accumulation of the lipid glucosylceramide in neurons results in the release of pathological alpha-synuclein in ectosomes which then transfer the alpha-synuclein to adjacent neurons. These finding may help explain how the neurodegenerative process spreads through neural networks in Parkinson's disease.

LINKS

Ioannou laboratory webpage:

https://ioannoulab.com/

Neuron-Astrocyte Metabolic Coupling Protects against Activity-Induced Fatty Acid Toxicity

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2819%2930387-3

Protective ApoE variants support neuronal function by effluxing oxidized phospholipids:

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0896-6273%2825%2900847-5

Glucosylceramide-induced ectosomes propagate pathogenic α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease:

file:///Users/markmattson/Downloads/s41556-026-01871-6%20(1).pdf

Interoception is a term used to describe the processes by which the brain detects, interprets, and responds adaptively to signals (pain, hunger, fatigue, etc.) coming from various organs in the body. In this episode University of Pennsylvania neuroscientist Nick Betley talks about recent research that has revealed key roles for relatively small numbers of neurons in the hypothalamus in interoception. Using cutting-edge imaging and molecular genetic tools Betley and his colleagues have shown how specific hypothalamic neurons can turn off pain signals and suppress inflammation. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions that alleviate chronic pain Intriguingly, they recently discovered that activation of a group of hypothalamic neurons (SF1 neurons) occurs in response exercise and their activation is required for endurance to increase with training. These findings suggest enhancement of hypothalamic SF1 neuron activity might prevent muscle loss during aging or in certain diseases or physical disabilities.

LINKS
Betley laboratory page:

https://web.sas.upenn.edu/betley-lab/

Exercise-induced activation of ventromedial hypothalamic steroidogenic factor-1 neurons mediates improvements in endurance.

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0896-6273%2825%2900989-4

Anti-inflammatory effects of hunger are transmitted to the periphery via projection-specific AgRP circuits.

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2211-1247%2823%2901350-5

A Neural Circuit for the Suppression of Pain by a Competing Need State.

https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2818%2930234-4