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The importance of Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (or as he was known from birth, Gaius Octavius “Octavian” Thurinus) to the course of Western history is hard to overstate. His life, his rise to power, his political, social, and military achievements, all laid the foundations for the creation of an empire which would endure for almost five centuries, and whose traditions, laws, architecture, and art continue to influence much of Europe and the world today.

History for Kids: The Illustrated Life of Queen Elizabeth I chronicles the life and reign of England’s most famous queen, but it also humanizes the woman who ruled one of the world’s most powerful kingdoms in an age dominated by men. Elizabeth inherited her grandfather’s political acumen and her father’s magnificence, thus creating not just one of the most colorful courts in Europe but also one of the most effective governments in English history.

One of the most turbulent and romanticized eras in ancient Chinese history is that of the three kingdoms period. During the third century AD in China, warlords battled for supremacy. This turbulent and bloody era is known as the three kingdoms period. It's also one of the most romanticized eras in Chinese history; heroes and villains like Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang have served has inspiration for poetry, novels, opera, and song in China.

The modern day city of Guangzhou is located in the mountainous region of south China. Near the Baiyun Mountains that rise from the edge of the city and the eastern banks of the Pearl River (Zhujiang), the city today covers approximately 7, 400 square kilometers. The location of the city provides it the opportunity to oversee the delta of the Pearl River, which is China’s third largest river.

Julius Caesar was possibly the most important man of antiquity, if not all of history. Alexander Hamilton once remarked that “the greatest man who ever lived was Julius Caesar.” Such a tribute, coming from one of the Founding Fathers of the quintessential modern democracy in reference to a man who destroyed the Roman Republic, is testament to the enduring mark that Caesar left upon the world.

At the conclusion of World War I, a once promised unified Arab state, which was to include the modern Hejaz, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine/Israel, Jordan and Iraq, did not materialize. Instead, the territories were divided between the French and British, but the British did reward the Hashemites by putting local leaders on the thrones of Iraq and Jordan....

An ancient Greek in a traveling cloak stood on the plain at Giza, in the shadow of the pyramids, and had many questions. He wanted to know how the great stones had been raised, how many men had labored on them and for how long, what the workers had eaten, and what the marks carved into the casing recorded. Egyptian priests gave him answers, an interpreter turned their words into Greek, and the traveler wrote everything down, the plausible and the fantastic side by side, because he had come a very long way to learn it. He had no intention of leaving anything out.

When scholars study the history of the ancient Near East, several wars that had extremely brutal consequences (at least by modern standards) often stand out. Forced removal of entire populations, sieges that decimated entire cities, and wanton destruction of property were all tactics used by the various peoples of the ancient Near East against each other, but the Assyrians were the first people to make war a science. When the Neo-Assyrians are mentioned, images of war and brutality are among the first that come to mind, despite the fact the Assyrian culture prospered for nearly 2,000 years.

On a hot night in the middle of August 1791, in a wooded clearing in the mountains above the northern plain of Saint-Domingue, men and women gathered where the lanterns of the great houses could not reach them. They came on foot through the cane, slipping away from plantations whose owners counted them as property and nothing more. Some had crossed the ocean in chains and still carried the names of African towns in their mouths. Others had been born on the island and knew only the cane, the whip, and the work that killed a grown person in a handful of years.

A cup rattles, three small cubes of bone or ivory spill across a wooden board, and for one held breath the whole room leans in. A soldier's monthly pay, a merchant's profit, and occasionally a man's own freedom was riding on which faces land upward. That scene played out countless times a day throughout the ancient world, in army camps on the frozen Rhine, in the back rooms of Pompeian wine shops, in the tiled gaming chambers of senatorial villas, and in the palace itself, where more than one emperor kept a set close at hand.

On a wooden board marked with a simple grid, two players take turns setting down smooth stones, one side black and the other white. There are no dice, no cards, and no hidden information. Each stone is identical to every other stone of its color, and once placed, a stone never moves again unless it is captured and lifted from the board. A player claims territory by surrounding empty points with stones, captures enemy stones by surrounding them, and at the end counts the ground held. That is nearly the whole of the game.

On the afternoon of May 11, 1997, in a television studio on the 34th floor of a building in midtown Manhattan, one of the strongest chess players in history sat down to play the sixth and final game of a match he had expected to win. Garry Kasparov was 34 and had held the world championship for 12 years, making his name a synonym for the human mind operating at the absolute edge of its power. Across the board from him sat an opponent with no mind at all. The opponent was a black tower of processors built by IBM and named Deep Blue.

Johannes Vermeer has fascinated a growing number of 21st century viewers with his most intimate depictions of the nature of human existence. The formal perfection of his compositions and the precision of his painting technique, expressing his fantastic narrative ability and accurate realism, have become a quintessential characteristic of the Dutch Golden Age of painting. Nearly 400 years later, Vermeer is still celebrated for his incomparable sense of timelessness, human dignity and unprecedented talent for creating luminosity and purity of color in his scenes.

In the autumn of 2011, while a civil war ripped across Libya and the long reign of dictator Muammar Gaddafi came apart in gunfire, a team of archaeologists in England announced that they had located more than 100 lost towns and villages in the middle of the Sahara. Making it all the more amazing, they had spotted the ancient settlements from space.

The year 753 B.C. has been immortalized as the birth year of Rome, the Eternal City, which according to legend was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus. When Remus was killed, allegedly by Romulus or one of his followers, Romulus's new city found itself with a male-to-female ratio that was severely unbalanced, and the Romans on Palatine Hill had trouble spawning the next generation.

On the night of April 1, 1951, in six republics along the western edge of the Soviet Union, soldiers moved into villages and towns while the people inside their houses slept. They came with dogs and machine guns, and they carried lists on which names and addresses had already been written. The lists had been compiled over the preceding months by the Ministry of State Security, the agency the Soviets called the MGB. The men knocked, and when the doors opened, they read out an order.

Among the figures of early Roman history, few stand out quite like Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, a man who to his contemporaries stood as the very image of the Roman Vir Bous (the Good Man). His life, whether viewed through the lens of ancient writers or treated as something of a foundational myth, has shaped Western thought surrounding civic duty and the restraint of power for more than 2,000 years.

Given that there’s such little margin for error in a submersible, many submarine losses remain sources of intrigue and mystery, and during World War II, few sinkings were as controversial as the Surcouf, a Free French submarine that disappeared in the Caribbean in 1942. When the Surcouf launched in 1929, it was a technological marvel. This wasn’t a conventional submarine at all, but a 3,300-ton, 300-foot-long submersible light cruiser. 

As the Japanese swept across Asia in the early years of World War II, the retreating Allies looked for ways to keep up the fight. In Malaya and Burma, agents had been left behind to stir resistance behind enemy lines, building up anti-Japanese operations from the safety of the jungle. In China, the American Office of Strategic Services helped both Nationalists and Communists in resisting the Japanese.

Was he “the greatest human being ever to occupy 10 Downing Street,” or a man whose “brilliant but unsound judgement resulted in detrimental consequences for Britain and for the world”? Decades after his death, debate still rages over Sir Winston Churchill’s contribution to history, though all agree that it was profound no matter which way it’s viewed. But now that wartime nostalgia has mostly washed away, the views of Churchill are more divergent than ever.