検索キーワード： 認識論

What is economic growth? And why, historically, has it occurred in only a few places? Previous efforts to answer these questions have focused on institutions, geography, finances, and psychology. But according to MIT's anti-disciplinarian César Hidalgo, understanding the nature of economic growth demands transcending the social sciences and including the natural sciences of information, networks, and complexity. To understand the growth of economies, Hidalgo argues, we first need to understand the growth of order.

Why do we remember what never happened? Why do we plan for futures that never arrive as planned? Why do we seek meaning where none exists and feel torn between what we think and what we feel? For centuries, these contradictions have been treated as flaws in human reasoning—bugs in the cognitive machinery that education and willpower should correct. But what if they are not bugs at all? What if they are features?

We do not see the world as it is. We see only our model of it. For over two millennia, philosophers have described this condition: Plato's shadows on the cave wall, Kant's veil of phenomena, Spinoza's confused imagination. But why are we trapped behind this perceptual barrier? The answer is not metaphysical mystery, but evolutionary necessity. Direct perception works beautifully for bacteria and simple organisms-they respond immediately to the world without models, without prediction, without the illusion of a separate self.

The Liminal Spectrum: Truth, Order, and the Line Between challenges one of modern life’s deepest assumptions: that approved knowledge is the same as truth. Caleb A. Farmer explores the hidden “approval economy” that shapes what societies call objective, neutral, and legitimate, arguing that consensus often reflects power, timing, and institutional permission more than final reality. Moving through philosophy, sociology, theology, and cultural critique, the book reframes subjectivity and objectivity as positions on a threshold rather than opposites.

In theatre, the fourth wall is the invisible barrier that keeps the audience separate from the performance. When it breaks, the illusion collapses — and you finally see what’s real. The Fourth Wall of Reality takes this idea and applies it to modern life, revealing the quiet structures that shape how people think, behave, and understand themselves. Most move through the world without ever noticing the expectations guiding them, the roles they slip into, or the subtle pressures that decide their choices long before they do.

What if the future is not empty? We are taught that causes precede effects, that the past shapes the present, and that the future is nothing more than an open space waiting to be filled. But our deepest experiences tell a different story. We fall in love before there is evidence. We sense what is approaching before it arrives. We feel pulled toward purposes we cannot yet name. Something ahead of us is already at work.

Philosophy has been debating the same questions for two and a half thousand years. What is consciousness? What is justice? What can we know? Despite the brilliance of its practitioners, the discipline has not converged on answers. Meanwhile, every field that adopted formal methods and empirical accountability—from alchemy becoming chemistry to natural philosophy becoming physics—made staggering, cumulative progress. In this groundbreaking book, Boris Kriger argues that philosophy's stalemate is not caused by the difficulty of its questions but by the limitations of its methods.

What if everything you thought you knew about existence was hiding a disturbing truth? Every time you eat, you perform an act of destruction. Every breath you take requires the transformation of prior structure. Every thought in your mind has a physical cost. This is not philosophy or metaphor. It is thermodynamic law. In this groundbreaking work, Boris Kriger presents a unified theory of persistence that reveals why existence itself has a cost, and why that cost must be paid in transformed structure.

You chose breakfast this morning the same way you choose everything else. The same pattern you use to pick what to eat is the one you use to evaluate a career, assess a relationship, respond to a crisis, or judge an argument. You have one way of navigating trade-offs, and you apply it everywhere because inventing a new approach for every new situation would require resources no human mind possesses. This is not a flaw. It is the most efficient strategy available to any system operating with limited means in an unlimited world.

"Is Shakespeare Dead?" by Mark Twain is a reflective and satirical treatise on the authorship of Shakespeare’s works, written during the early 20th century. In this work, Twain grapples with long-standing debates over who truly wrote the plays attributed to Shakespeare, questioning the...

What if the biggest obstacle to knowledge is not the difficulty of finding answers—but the impossibility of asking the right questions? Every person, every scientist, every thinker operates inside an invisible prison: a cognitive frame that determines which questions they can even imagine asking. The questions outside the frame are not too hard. They do not exist. And no amount of intelligence, data, or deductive power can reach a truth that belongs to a question you cannot formulate.

Why do we recoil before we think? The grimace at decay, the shudder at contamination, the instant dismissal of an idea that threatens our worldview—these reactions arrive faster than thought, as if some ancient sentinel has already rendered judgment. In The Wisdom of Disgust, Boris Kriger reveals that this flash of rejection is far more than a primitive reflex.

What if everything you know about stress is incomplete? The pressure you feel at 3 AM, the tension before a crucial meeting, the weight of demands that seem impossible to meet—this experience is universal. But stress is not merely a human affliction. It is one manifestation of a fundamental law governing all systems capable of maintaining their existence over time.

A menudo creemos que podemos entender el mundo que hay a nuestro alrededor: lo que vemos, lo que oímos, lo que otros nos cuentan o lo que la experiencia nos ha enseñado. Sin embargo, detrás de estas convicciones se esconden prejuicios, sesgos inconscientes y límites cognitivos que moldean silenciosamente nuestra percepción.

Nobody needs to control you. They just need to know which emotional levers to pull. Fear. Anger. Outrage. Belonging. These are the levers of modern influence—and they are pulled thousands of times a day by media systems designed to optimize engagement, not understanding. Cognitive Self-Defense is a skeptical field guide for anyone who wants to stop being steered.

What was before the universe? If space is expanding, what is it expanding into? Where did all the matter come from to form planets, stars, and oceans? What is nothing? And if none of these questions can be answered, why do we keep asking them? The Pointless Book asks the biggest questions human beings have ever conceived. The kind of questions that keep you awake at three in the morning. The kind that feel like they should have answers but never do. This book tries to answer them. It reaches for quantum physics, simulation theory, cosmology, philosophy, and religion.

Why does a colleague's promotion disturb us more than our own stalled career? Why do capuchin monkeys reject perfectly good food after watching another monkey receive something better? Why might artificial intelligence systems develop competitive behaviors they were never programmed to have? The Anatomy of Envy presents a unified theory of one of the most pervasive yet least understood phenomena in psychology: the disturbance that arises from perceiving oneself as disadvantaged relative to others.

Why do empires fall? Why do startups fail? Why does micromanagement kill innovation while total freedom produces chaos? Why do some relationships flourish while others suffocate or dissolve? The answer is a law as old as the universe and as relevant as tomorrow’s headlines.

From birth, the intimate, face-to-face encounters of life form each person in a natural, everyday philosophy. Mother’s delighted welcome invites her tiny child into a fundamental vision of reality and models flourishing involvement with it. Sustained and matured in the gaze of certain friends throughout life, seeing oneself being seen with delight grows a “yes” to the world, a sense of one’s existence, a regard for others, and a lifelong desire for the face of God.

What if everything we thought we knew about conflict and cooperation was backwards? For centuries, philosophers, economists, and scientists have asked: why do humans cooperate? The question assumes that conflict is natural and cooperation is the puzzle requiring explanation. This groundbreaking book inverts that assumption entirely. Drawing on evolutionary game theory, Nobel Prize-winning research on commons governance, and evidence from biology to artificial intelligence, A Unified Theory of Self-Organizing Systems presents a radical reframing.