検索キーワード： 論理学・言語学

On June 22, 1936, the philosopher Moritz Schlick was on his way to deliver a lecture at the University of Vienna when Johann Nelböck, a deranged former student of Schlick's, shot him dead on the university steps. Some Austrian newspapers defended the madman, while Nelböck himself argued in court that his onetime teacher had promoted a treacherous Jewish philosophy. David Edmonds traces the rise and fall of the Vienna Circle - an influential group of brilliant thinkers led by Schlick.

El Discurso del método vio la luz en 1637 bajo anonimato. Habían transcurrido cuatro años desde la condena de Galileo. Descartes, tal vez guiado por la prudencia y por enfatizar su voluntad de diálogo, se inclinó por proponer un discurso en lugar de un tratado. En esta obra, la más célebre del filósofo francés y en la que aparece la famosa frase «pienso, luego existo», desarrolla un método inspirado en sus trabajos científicos y basado en la duda sistemática, que le permitió establecer las bases del conocimiento.

  It is clearly explained: what it is for a statement to be necessarily true, why necessity, possibility, existence, and non-existence are properties of propositions (truths and falsehoods), not of objects or states of affairs, and more.

Reason is a powerful tool not only for finding our way in an increasingly complex world but also for growing intellectually and emotionally. This short, accessible volume unlocks the dynamics of human reason, helping listeners to think critically and to use reason confidently to solve problems. It enables listeners to think more clearly and precisely about the world, and it tackles a number of profound philosophical questions without getting bogged down with jargon. Topics include knowledge, identity, leadership, creativity, and empathy.

Neste livro Schopenhauer apresenta 38 estratégias sobre a arte de vencer um oponente num debate, não importando os meios, utilizando a maior ferramenta que possuímos; a palavra. É possível recorrer a estes estratagemas, lícitos e ilícitos, para 'obter' razão, e defendê-la quando ela estiver do nosso lado ou conquistá-la quando estiver do lado do adversário. Com frieza classificatória, Schopenhauer indica 'os caminhos oblíquos e os truques de que se serve a natureza humana em geral para ocultar seus defeitos'.

If you are feeling unheard in life or are constantly being told that you are not being listened to by those around you, if you find that you are unable to or have stopped listening to yourself, listen to this audiobook, Be Heard to Be Rich. Be heard or die - how can being heard save lives? This is the point at which from great overwhelm can come great change for many people. Change may be necessary when you decide that good is not good enough, and the status quo is not the path or the blueprint for your future.

Futurists insist that AI will soon eclipse the capacities of the most gifted human mind. What hope do we have against superintelligent machines? But we aren't really on the path to developing intelligent machines. In fact, we don't even know where that path might be. Erik Larson takes us on a tour of the landscape of AI to show how far we are from superintelligence and what it would take to get there.  

In this incisive blend of personal narrative and philosophical inquiry, journalist and activist Barrett Holmes Pitner seeks a new way to talk about racism in America. Can new language reshape our understanding of the past and expand the possibilities of the future? The Crime Without a Name...

Siamo nel 1919. La prima guerra mondiale è finita da poco. "Il dottor Benjamin fugge dalla casa di suo padre, il luogotenente Wittgenstein commette un suicidio finanziario, il libero docente Heidegger perde la fede e monsieur Cassirer lavora sul tram alla propria illuminazione." Comincia un decennio di eccezionale creatività, che cambierà per sempre il corso delle idee in Europa e senza il quale alcuni pensieri non sarebbero mai stati pensati.

Brought to you by Penguin. Can reading a book make you more rational? Can it help you understand why there is so much irrationality in the world? These are the goals of Rationality, Steven Pinker's follow-up to Enlightenment Now. In the twenty-first century, humanity is reaching new heights of...

Logic is often perceived as having little to do with the rest of philosophy, and even less to do with real life. In this lively and accessible introduction, Graham Priest shows how wrong this conception is. He explores the philosophical roots of the subject, explaining how modern formal logic deals with issues ranging from the existence of God and the reality of time to paradoxes of probability and decision theory. Along the way, the basics of formal logic are explained in simple, non-technical terms, showing that logic is a powerful and exciting part of modern philosophy.

Two questions fundamental to human existence have always been the metaphysical “where do I fit in the grand scheme of things?” and the ethical “how should I behave?” Religion is no longer a source of answers for many people, and nothing has replaced it. Moore uses his signature framework-based approach to answer these questions, taking us on an intellectual roller coaster ride through physics, chemistry, biology, the social sciences and the humanities. Along the way, he builds a metaphorical ladder that leads from the big bang to the need for ethical action in our daily lives.

A debut collection of poetry from platinum ARIA accredited artist Ziggy Alberts, Brainwaves explores life's experiences and emotions, inward and out. Deeply personal, frank, insightful, yet relatable, Alberts uncovers his introspective thoughts and lessons learned in conscious and intentional living. 

Séneca nos habla del paso del tiempo, de cómo los humanos nos enfrentamos a él y a la muerte, y cómo es que la vida se nos muestra corta cuando no lo es. El autor estoico, enfatiza que nuestra vida sería más duradera si no dedicáramos tanto tiempo a asuntos vanos e inútiles y nos dedicamos a vivirla plenamente. Sobre la brevedad de la vida, nos expone el enfoque de los estoicos respecto al tiempo, cómo aprovecharlo y cómo asegurarnos que el uso correcto de este nos encamine a vivir una vida larga y enriquecedora.

Ludwig Wittgenstein is één van de belangrijkste denkers uit de 20e eeuw en zijn filosofische werk omvat vrijwel het hele menselijk denken en handelen, met nadruk op de logica. Weinig mensen echter weten dat muziek een hoofdrol speelde in zijn leven. Hij groeide op in een muzikale familie, waar grote componisten als Brahms en Mahler over de vloer kwamen. Zelf speelde Wittgenstein klarinet en hij componeerde een muziekstuk, getiteld Leidenschaftlich, dat hij met potlood tussen zijn filosofische aantekeningen krabbelde.

Brought to you by Penguin. In very recent times humanity has learnt a vast amount about the universe, the past, and itself. But through our remarkable successes in acquiring knowledge we have learned how much we have yet to learn: the science we have, for example, addresses just 5% of the...

This work sets forth a theory which is speculative in nature, there being no verifying experiments. It is based on the idea of the reversibility of everything in time; that is, that every type of process has its time image, a corresponding process which is its exact reverse with respect to time.

The history of Western thought contains hundreds of statements by philosophers testifying to the use of esoteric writing in their own work or others'. Despite this well-documented history, however, esotericism is often dismissed today as a rare occurrence. But by ignoring esotericism, we risk cutting ourselves off from a full understanding of Western philosophical thought. Arthur M. Melzer serves as our guide in this engaging history of philosophical esotericism. Walking listeners through both an ancient and a modern esoteric work, he explains what esotericism is - and is not. 

Die adjektivische Passiversatzform 'unverständlich' ist transformierbar in den Ausdruck 'kann nicht verstanden werden'. Das Modalverb 'können' hat typischerweise drei Funktionen: Kompetenz, Möglichkeit, Erlaubnis. An jeder schriftlichen Kommunikation sind (sehr einfach ausgedrückt) mindestens drei Momente beteiligt: ein Produzent, Zeichen, ein Rezipient. Wenn ein Zeichen, ein Wort, ein Satz, ein Text als 'unverständlich' bewertet wird, ist fragbar: Warum? "Die Fragmente von Friedrich Schlegel sind unverständlich." Mögliche Gründe: (1) Der Autor hat nicht die Kompetenz, sich verständlich mitzuteilen.

"Philosophy is not a theory," asserted Austro-British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), "but an activity." In this 1921 opus, his only philosophical work published during his lifetime, Wittgenstein defined the object of philosophy as the logical clarification of thoughts and proposed the solution to most philosophic problems by means of a critical method of linguistic analysis.