Mike walks us through the events of the Boxer Rebellion, a conflict in which Chinese rebels attempted to slaughter all foreigners and Chinese Christians in China. Marshall then explains how this drove missionaries into isolated compounds, from which they could look out on the Chinese — and judge them — without gaining any real knowledge of the Chinese people or their culture. Marshall also introduces us to Henry Luce, a child of American missionaries who used his innovative approaches to journalism in the 1920s to give America a narrative of China reflective more of his own views than of Chinese reality.

As the Manchu dynasty weakens during the 19th century, U.S. missionaries arrive. Christian evangelization leads to the outbreak of the long, bloody, brutal, and genocidal Taiping Rebellion, whose leader claims to be the younger brother of Jesus, and (not for the last time) an American official gets fired for assessing accurately what it all means. Americans fear the “Yellow Peril” as Chinese immigration to the United States rises with the California Gold Rush and the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad, and in China the Boxer Rebellion breaks out with a goal of killing all foreigners. Meanwhile, the U.S. missionary influence on the revolutionaries Charlie Soong and Sun Yat-sen fosters the rise of a new Chinese elite which will impose upon the United States a view of China and East Asia that has a lot more to do with American wishful thinking than with reality.

Where trade goes, conflict follows! While Britain and the East India Company focus on the opium trade with China, Americans of the first half of the 19th century try to break into the Chinese market with...well...opium, but also with ginseng, sandalwood, furs, and even sea cucumbers. After the British crush the Chinese in the First Opium War, few Americans (other than John Quincy Adams) approve of British aggression. But the war’s results open up China to the West like never before, and Americans respond by increasing trade, and by sending Christian missionaries to China to spread the Gospel. (Listen until the end for a behind-the-scenes segment.)