In this program, we compare dreaming and improvisation focusing on creative synergies, experiential similarities, and the underlying neurophysiology. These states of mind are mutually illuminating. That is, learning about one provides insights into the other. A key insight here is that we can deepen our understanding of improvisation by exploring other states of mind that have overlapping experiential qualities or brain states. In his book Dreams of Awakening, Charlie Morley writes that “…there are many different ways to tell the difference between [different states of experience], but the easiest way to get to grips with these differences is to spend as much time as we can in these states.” I propose that this is the case for improvisation, as well. By paying more attention to our dreaming experiences, we may deepen our knowledge of the experience of improvisation.

References:
The Case of the Three-Sided Dream: https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/the-case-of-the-three-sided-dream/umc.cmc.2no74bniyii0qtz63oc0wrmih

Bashwiner, D. (2018). The neuroscience of musical creativity. The Cambridge Handbook of the neuroscience of creativity, 51, 495-516.

Link to Albert Ayler’s New Grass liner notes: https://lavelleporter.com/2010/08/22/message-from-albert-ayler/

I Called Him Morgan documentary: https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/i-called-him-morgan/umc.cmc.4cip1f47gqxk6qigg0mb1hiny

Arrows to Infinity documentary: https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/charles-lloyd-arrows-into-infinity/umc.cmc.3ldicyne96kj1hrewd9w3dmvj

Kansas City PBS documentary Bird: Not Out Of Nowhere | Charlie Parker's Kansas City Legacy: https://www.youtube.com/clip/Ugkx9Z02xiRacQxWEtx5eSmeucx-t6lB5kYZ

Zadra, A., & Stickgold, R. (2021). When brains dream: Understanding the science and mystery of our dreaming minds. WW Norton & Company.

Oliver Sach’s article about the jazz drummer with Tourette’s Syndrome: https://medhum.med.nyu.edu/view/12034

Hank Green of the SciShow Psych: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwOhfmygHyM

Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesenten, N. J., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., ... & Herscovitch, P. (1997). Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2 (15) O PET study. Brain: a journal of neurology, 120(7), 1173-1197.

Kraehenmann, R. (2017). Dreams and psychedelics: neurophenomenological comparison and therapeutic implications. Current neuropharmacology, 15(7), 1032-1042.

Limb, C. J., & Braun, A. R. (2008). Neural substrates of spontaneous musical performance: An fMRI study of jazz improvisation. PLoS one, 3(2), e1679.

Liu, S., Chow, H. M., Xu, Y., Erkkinen, M. G., Swett, K. E., Eagle, M. W., ... & Braun, A. R. (2012). Neural correlates of lyrical improvisation: an fMRI study of freestyle rap. Scientific reports, 2(1), 834.

Rosen, D. S., Oh, Y., Erickson, B., Zhang, F. Z., Kim, Y. E., & Kounios, J. (2020). Dual-process contributions to creativity in jazz improvisations: An SPM-EEG study. NeuroImage, 213, 116632.

Walker, M. P., & van Der Helm, E. (2009). Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing. Psychological bulletin, 135(5), 731.

Trehub, S. E., Ghazban, N., & Corbeil, M. (2015). Musical affect regulation in infancy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337(1), 186-192.

Shenfield, T., Trehub, S. E., & Nakata, T. (2003). Maternal singing modulates infant arousal. Psychology of music, 31(4), 365-375.

Terry, P. C., Karageorghis, C. I., Curran, M. L., Martin, O. V., & Parsons-Smith, R. L. (2020). Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 146(2), 91.

Seppälä, E., Bradley, C., & Goldstein, M. R. (2020). Research: Why breathing is so effective at reducing stress. Harvard Business Review. Diakses dari https://hbr. org/2020/09/research-why-breathing-is-so-effective-at-reducing-stress. https://hbr.org/2020/09/research-why-breathing-is-so-effective-at-reducing-stress

What is the experience of improvisation and what are its neurobiological correlates? One way to flesh out an answer, or at least to get the lay of the land, so to speak, is to look at how improvisation compares with other kinds of brain states and states of experience that have been explored with science, such as dreaming and psychedelics. That's what we're embarking upon here. In this video, you are going to discover that there are some quite interesting relationships between what's happening in the brain during improvisation and what happens to the brain under the influence of dreaming and classical psychedelics.

References:
Rinpoche, Tenzin Wangyal. Tibetan Yogas of Dream and Sleep, The (p. 9). Shambhala. Kindle Edition. 

Seth, A. (2021). Being you: A new science of consciousness. Penguin.
 
Ramachandran, V. S., & Rogers-Ramachandran, D. (2000). Phantom limbs and neural plasticity. Archives of neurology, 57(3), 317-320.

Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesenten, N. J., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., ... & Herscovitch, P. (1997). Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2 (15) O PET study. Brain: a journal of neurology, 120(7), 1173-1197.

Kraehenmann, R. (2017). Dreams and psychedelics: neurophenomenological comparison and therapeutic implications. Current neuropharmacology, 15(7), 1032-1042.

Petri, G., Expert, P., Turkheimer, F., Carhart-Harris, R., Nutt, D., Hellyer, P. J., & Vaccarino, F. (2014). Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 11(101), 20140873.

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., ... & Nutt, D. (2014). The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 20.

Dolan, D., Jensen, H. J., Mediano, P. A., Molina-Solana, M., Rajpal, H., Rosas, F., & Sloboda, J. A. (2018). The improvisational state of mind: A multidisciplinary study of an improvisatory approach to classical music repertoire performance. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1341.

Neuroscience of Improvisation video on changes in prefrontal cortex activation associated with improvisation:  https://youtu.be/_lcaXsuDRIw

Tagliazucchi E., Carhart-Harris R., Leech R., Nutt D., Chialvo D.R. Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2014;35(11):5442–5456. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22562]. [PMID: 24989126]. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.6466.pdf

Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Moran, R. J., Brookes, M. J., Williams, T. M., Errtizoe, D., ... & Nutt, D. J. (2013). Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(38), 15171-15183.

This episode shares overviews of seminal neuroimaging studies that provide insights into what happens in the brain during improvisation. You will learn how these findings align with what improvisers say about their experiences, including remarks from Bill Evans, Sonny Rollins, Kenny Werner, Pat Metheny, and Gary Burton. Cross-cultural perspectives are included here, as well, including reference to a traditional Japanese visual art form and traditional perspectives from West Africa.

References for the episode:

Kind of Blue liner notes by Bill Evans: http://albumlinernotes.com/Kind_of_Blue.html

Saxophone Colossus documentary about Sonny Rollins: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196073/

Full interview with Kenny Werner: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsPg5lu4WCg&t=2318s

Pat Metheny at the Society for Neuroscience conference in 2018: https://youtu.be/yhAbNv1gJT8?si=uMgB-MxmrciyKBAN

Gary Burton’s Improv Class: https://youtu.be/t2txO_u2eNg?si=CBd6uc52UqxBOYz6

Limb & Braun, 2008: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001679

Liu et al., 2012: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00834

Rosen et al., 2020: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811920301191

Rosen et al., 2016: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00579/full

Malidoma Somé: The Ancestors' Gift of Healing: https://youtu.be/io28LgxYRf0?si=9ZX63gP4qtiI3s7t