Alex and Tyler put three classic models through their paces. Alex starts with Spence on how a monopolist chooses quality and applies it to how the New York Times’ paywall flipped its audience incentives. Tyler pushes back, arguing that network effects and loyalists matter more than marginal customers. They move to Harberger on tax incidence and the hidden winners and losers of corporate taxes, minimum wages, and congestion pricing. Finally, Solow’s growth model frames a conversation on why some countries catch up and others stall, including what it gets right about China, and what it misses. Together, their debate shows why the best models keep earning their place—not because they’re perfect, but because they still shape how we think even when they’re wrong.

Transcript: https://www.mercatus.org/marginal-revolution-podcast/favorite-models-spence-monopolies-harberger-incidence-solow-growth

Follow Alex, Tyler, and Mercatus

• https://x.com/ATabarrok
• https://x.com/tylercowen
• https://x.com/mercatus
• https://marginalrevolution.com/

Timestamps:

• 00:00 Intro
• 00:19 Spence's monopoly model
• 07:08 How Spence applies to NYT and HBO
• 16:13 Alex and Tyler's approach to writing a textbook
• 20:43 Harberger's model of who pays tax
• 24:44 Harberger's model as applied to congestion and minimum wages
• 33:54 Solow's growth model
• 42:22 What Solow's model misses

Tyler and Alex revisit Tyler’s 1998 book and trace how commerce disciplines and amplifies creativity. Great artists bargained hard because money buys orchestras and time. “Inspired consumption” means high-quality audiences shape better art. Dynamic, Hayekian competition discovers new genres, while pulp cross-subsidizes the sublime. They disentangle when government support works, why TV improved with entry and subscriptions, how “payola” rhymes with supermarket slotting fees and with Spotify’s algorithmic era, and why some modern art maligned as minimal is, in fact, marvelous. Along the way they touch on reading’s spiky renaissance, textiles as the smartest undervalued collectible, the real story on brutalism (is the DC Metro overrated?), and a sober take on cultural pessimism’s recurring illusions—plus what all this implies for AI-era culture.

Transcript and links: https://www.mercatus.org/marginal-revolution-podcast/praise-commercial-culture

Stay connected:

• Follow Alex on X: https://x.com/ATabarrok
• Follow Tyler on X: https://x.com/tylercowen

See Alex and Tyler's recent posts on Marginal Revolution: https://marginalrevolution.com/

Chapters

• 0:00:00 Why Alex loves the book
• 00:02:05 The challenge of getting it published
• 00:04:10 Mozart was motivated by money
• 00:06:40 Great audiences create great art
• 00:08:25 Economics of the avant-garde
• 00:13:39 Good and bad government art funding
• 00:17:22 Golden era TV
• 00:20:20 Book publishing and reading
• 00:26:43 Competition as a dynamic discovery process
• 00:32:14 The value of modern art and architecture
• 00:38:53 Payola got a bad rap
• 00:42:10 Spotify streaming economics
• 00:46:41 Why cultural pessimism pervades

Recorded 1/13/2025

In the final episode of Season 1, Alex and Tyler explore one of the most consequential quests in the history of economics and finance: the decades-long search for a formula to price options. From Louis Bachelier's groundbreaking work in 1900 to the eventual triumph of Black, Scholes, and Merton in the 1970s, they trace how brilliant minds across mathematics, physics, and economics gradually unlocked the how to properly price financial instruments like calls and puts. Along the way, they examine how this theoretical breakthrough revolutionized modern markets, sparked the creation of the Chicago Board Options Exchange, and transformed our understanding of uncertainty and risk management. The conversation ranges from the hidden histories of early options traders to how options theory now shapes everything from portfolio insurance to oil well investments to mega-sized chip plants. They close by reflecting on how options theory has become fundamental to modern decision-making far beyond trading floors, revolutionizing how we think about and manage uncertainty across the entire economy.

Transcript and links: https://www.mercatus.org/marginal-revolution-podcast/quest-price-options

Stay connected:

• Follow Alex on X: https://x.com/ATabarrok
• Follow Tyler on X: https://x.com/tylercowen

See Alex and Tyler's recent posts on Marginal Revolution: https://marginalrevolution.com/

Chapters

• 00:00 - The puzzle of pricing options
• 03:46 - Louis Bachelier's contribution
• 09:52 - Enter Paul Samuelson
• 15:05 - Black, Scholes, and Merton
• 27:05 - Kassouf, Thorp, and cashing in on options theory
• 32:28 - Other applications of options pricing theory

Recorded 4/12/2024