Can machines become conscious? And if they do, what kind of moral relationship should we have with them?

In this second installment on the AI Alignment Problem, Justin and Nick delve into the philosophy, neuroscience, and mysticism surrounding machine consciousness. They explore whether AI systems could possess a subjective inner life—and if so, whether alignment should be reimagined as moral resonance instead of mere goal matching. Along the way, they discuss how mindfulness, memory, embodiment, and suffering shape our understanding of what it means to be sentient—and how we might recognize or construct such capacities in artificial systems.

You’ll leave this episode with a deeper understanding of consciousness—from the perspective of both humans and machines—and what it might mean to extend moral standing to synthetic minds.

• What is consciousness and how do we define it?
• Can artificial systems host genuine subjective experience?
• The neuroscience and computational theories of consciousness
• The “Hard Problem” and the possibility of virtualizing consciousness
• Ethical standing of sentient AI systems
• Machine consciousness and Buddhist moral development
• The role of embodiment, memory, and collective cognition in consciousness
• Panpsychism, fungal networks, and plant sentience
• AI as a mirror to human moral behavior

• Meaning in the Multiverse – Justin Harnish
• A framework for emergent meaning and the evolution of consciousness—central to understanding alignment as co-development.
• Waking Up – Sam Harris
• Neuroscience, meditation, and the illusion of self.
• Feeling and Knowing – Antonio Damasio
• Emotion, embodiment, and consciousness—critical for thinking about AI without a body.
• Mindfulness – Joseph Goldstein
• Practical tools for present-moment ethics and self-awareness.
• Reality+ – David J. Chalmers
• Virtual realism and consciousness in simulation.
• The Case Against Reality – Donald Hoffman
• Conscious agents and perceptual interface theory.
• On Having No Head – Douglas Harding
• A first-person meditation on the illusion of self.
• I Am a Strange Loop – Douglas Hofstadter
• Recursion, identity, and consciousness emergence.

• The Feeling of Life Itself – Christof Koch
• Integrated Information Theory and the measure of consciousness.
• Moral Tribes – Joshua Greene
• Dual-process moral reasoning, tribalism, and AI ethics.
• The Ethical Algorithm – Michael Kearns & Aaron Roth
• Engineering ethics into AI decision-making.
• The Nature of Consciousness – Alan Watts (Waking Up App)
• “You are it”: Consciousness as the universe reflecting on itself.
• The Soul of an Octopus – Sy Montgomery
• Comparative consciousness in non-human animals and implications for synthetic minds.

• Thomas Nagel – “What is it like to be a bat?”
• David Chalmers – The Hard Problem of Consciousness, Reality+
• Max Tegmark – Life 3.0, consciousness as information processing
• Giulio Tononi – Integrated Information