『Sangam Lit』のカバーアート

Sangam Lit

Sangam Lit

著者： Nandini Karky
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Reflections on 2000 Year Old Tamil Poetry© 2019 Nandini Karky アート 世界 哲学 文学史・文学批評 日次 社会科学
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  • Aganaanooru 346 – A joy much greater

    Aganaanooru 346 – A joy much greater
    2026/10/05
    In this episode, we perceive a sharp refusal to a request, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Aganaanooru 346, penned by Nakeerar. The verse is situated amidst the fertile fields of the ‘Marutham’ or ‘Farmlands landscape’ and elaborates on a person’s past activities and the emotions that evokes. நகை நன்று அம்ம தானே இறை மிசைமாரிச் சுதையின் ஈர்ம் புறத்து அன்னகூரல் கொக்கின் குறும் பறைச் சேவல்,வெள்ளி வெண் தோடு அன்ன, கயல் குறித்து,கள் ஆர் உவகைக் கலி மகிழ் உழவர்காஞ்சி அம் குறுந் தறி குத்தி, தீம் சுவைமென் கழைக் கரும்பின் நன் பல மிடைந்து,பெருஞ் செய் நெல்லின் பாசு அவல் பொத்தி,வருத்திக் கொண்ட வல் வாய்க் கொடுஞ் சிறைமீது அழி கடு நீர் நோக்கி, பைப்பயப்பார்வல் இருக்கும் பயம் கேழ் ஊர! யாம் அது பேணின்றோ இலமே நீ நின்பண் அமை நல் யாழ்ப் பாணனொடு, விசி பிணி,மண் ஆர் முழவின் கண் அதிர்ந்து இயம்ப,மகிழ் துணைச் சுற்றமொடு மட்டு மாந்தி,எம் மனை வாராயாகி, முன் நாள்,நும் மனைச் சேர்ந்த ஞான்றை, அம் மனைக்குறுந் தொடி மடந்தை உவந்தனள் நெடுந் தேர்,இழை அணி யானைப் பழையன் மாறன்,மாட மலி மறுகின் கூடல் ஆங்கண்வெள்ளத் தானையொடு வேறு புலத்து இறுத்தகிள்ளி வளவன் நல் அமர் சாஅய்,கடும் பரிப் புரவியொடு களிறு பல வவ்வி,ஏதில் மன்னர் ஊர் கொள,கோதை மார்பன் உவகையின் பெரிதே. In this trip to this domain of riches, we get to visit prosperous spaces, as we listen to the confidante say these words to the man, when he returns after courting a courtesan and seeks entry into the lady’s house: “Hilarious this is! Listen, akin to wet surfaces, atop plastered roofs, in the rainy season, appears the white feathers of the short-winged male stork. This bird aims at a carp fish, appearing akin to a silvery white bloom, amidst gushing waters that pounce on a strong-mouthed, curving dam, raised with much effort by uproarious farmers, who delight in drinking well-filtered toddy, and plant short stems of the portia tree, tying them firmly with soft stalks of sugarcane having a sweet taste. Then, that stork gently takes step after step, intending to nab the fish, in the fertile spaces of your town, O lord! You, along with your bard, who wields a fine, well-crafted lute, and other delightful companions drank toddy, as well-tied, mud-streaked drums resounded thunderously. After that, instead of coming to our home, on that day, you went to your house, and at that moment, the maiden living there in that beautiful mansion, clad in short bangles, felt so much joy, much greater than that ‘Kothai Marban’ felt, when much to the terror of enemy kings, wielding many speeding horses and attacking elephants, King Killivalavan, who had been attacking with his flood-like army in another battlefield, arrived at the town of Koodal, with soaring mansions, and defeated its ruler, ‘Pazhaiyan Maaran’, who possesses tall chariots and decorated elephants. We don’t care that you went there. But that makes us laugh aloud now!” Time to listen to the fiery words in this land of plenty! The confidante starts by saying what’s happening is hilarious. Then she goes on to describe the man’s town, and to do that, she paints a portrait of a stork, whose wet, white wings are called in parallel to the white-washed roofs of a house in the rainy season. We find this stork, stalking a fish, which is swimming about in the gushing waters, which dash against a dam, said to be raised by the determined efforts of farmers, who like their drink and who accomplish the work of watering their abundant paddy fields and raise fences of portia stems and sugarcane stalks. The confidante completes this description saying so fertile is the man’s town! Let’s pause for a moment to note this mention of how dams were built by these ...
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    8 分
  • Aganaanooru 347 – A wish in pain

    Aganaanooru 347 – A wish in pain
    2026/10/06
    In this episode, we listen to the angst-ridden words of a maiden, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Aganaanooru 347, penned by Maamoolanaar. Set in the ‘Paalai’ or ‘Drylands landscape’, the verse interleaves the victory of a Chera King amidst the melancholy of pining. தோளும் தொல் கவின் தொலைய, நாளும்நலம் கவர் பசலை நல்கின்று நலிய,சால் பெருந் தானைச் சேரலாதன்மால் கடல் ஓட்டி, கடம்பு அறுத்து இயற்றியபண் அமை முரசின் கண் அதிர்ந்தன்ன,கவ்வை தூற்றும் வெவ் வாய்ச் சேரிஅம்பல் மூதூர் அலர் நமக்கு ஒழிய,சென்றனர்ஆயினும், செய்வினை அவர்க்கேவாய்க்கதில் வாழி, தோழி! வாயாது,மழை கரந்து ஒளித்த கழை திரங்கு அடுக்கத்து,ஒண் கேழ் வயப் புலி பாய்ந்தென, குவவு அடிவெண் கோட்டு யானை முழக்கு இசை வெரீஇ,கன்று ஒழித்து ஓடிய புன் தலை மடப் பிடிகை தலை வைத்த மையல் விதுப்பொடு,கெடு மகப் பெண்டிரின் தேரும்நெடு மர மருங்கின் மலை இறந்தோரே! In this trip to this challenging domain, in addition to the usual scenes, we take a short historic detour, as we listen to the lady say these words to her confidante, when the man had parted away from her, intending to seek wealth: “As my arms lose their old beauty, and day after day, the pallor of pining, intent on stealing away my health, torments me without any grace, leaving me with the shame of slander in this uproarious old town, owing to the gossip of hot mouths in the neighbourhood, resounding akin to the vibrating eyes of the well-crafted drum, made by felling the burflower tree of enemies, who were chased into the huge seas, by that Chera King, the leader of an esteemed, huge army, he has left! Long may he live, my friend! Though he has left me so, may he succeed in that mission he intends to accomplish by leaving away to those mountains, which rain clouds have hid away from, filled with dried-up bamboos, wherein as a radiant-hued, strong tiger pounces on it, the thick-footed, white tusked elephant trumpets aloud, and hearing that, frightened, its soft-headed, naive mate, runs away, forgetting its calf, and then, akin to a woman, who has lost her children, hurrying in a confused panic, with her hands on her head, it searches anxiously in those spaces with soaring trees!” Let’s explore those barren spaces and search for the moisture within! The lady starts by pointing to her current state of her arms thinning away and pallor attacking her ceaselessly. Then from the physical torture, she moves to the mental domain, and mentions how she’s afflicted by a sense of shame, owing to the slander spreading in their ancient town, thanks to the gossiping mouths of the townsfolk. That slander is spreading so thickly tells us the parting between the man and lady has happened prior to their marriage. Returning, the lady sketches the manner in which slander is thundering in their town, by placing it in parallel to a resonating, victorious war drum, made from a burflower tree. Apparently, this burflower tree was a protected, sacred tree of a Chera King’s enemies, whom the king drove away, chased them even in the seas and after a fierce battle, felled the said tree and made his victory drum. That historic nugget slipped in talks about the exploits of the Chera King, who was known by the name ‘Imayavaramban Cheralathan’, a southern king, who is said to have planted his flag up north in the Himalayas. Back from the history lesson, we find the lady has mentioned those elements of physical and mental angst, only to say that was all because the man had left her and gone to the drylands. She goes on to describe the space as a drying mountain region, which the rain clouds have forsaken, and filled with browning bamboo trees and a place where a female elephant, frightened by the roar of its mate, when attacked by a tiger, had run away, leaving its calf, and then comes back in much panic, searching for the little one, exactly like how, a woman who has lost her child, would run around in panic, hands on her head. The lady concludes by saying even though the man had left her in such a state and gone so far away, she wishes that he succeeds in his endeavours! Yet again, it’s a ‘though he left me in pain, may he attain all he seeks...
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    6 分
  • Aganaanooru 348 – The toddy of trysting

    Aganaanooru 348 – The toddy of trysting
    2026/10/07
    In this episode, we perceive a subtle message of persuasion, as portrayed in Sangam Literary work, Aganaanooru 348, penned by Madurai Ilam Paalaasiriyan Chenthan Koothanaar. The verse is situated amidst the flourishing millet fields of the ‘Kurinji’ or ‘Mountain Landscape’ and details the ingredients and recipe of an ancient fermented beverage. என் ஆவதுகொல் தானே முன்றில்,தேன் தேர் சுவைய, திரள் அரை மாஅத்து,கோடைக்கு ஊழ்த்த, கமழ் நறுந் தீம் கனி,பயிர்ப்புறப் பலவின் எதிர்ச் சுளை அளைஇ,இறாலொடு கலந்த, வண்டு மூசு அரியல்நெடுங் கண் ஆடு அமைப் பழுநி, கடுந் திறல்பாப்புக் கடுப்பு அன்ன தோப்பி வான் கோட்டுக்கடவுள் ஓங்கு வரைக்கு ஓக்கி, குறவர்,முறித் தழை மகளிர் மடுப்ப, மாந்தி,அடுக்கல் ஏனல் இரும் புனம் மறந்துழி,‘யானை வவ்வின தினை’ என, நோனாது,இளையரும் முதியரும் கிளையுடன் குழீஇ,சிலை ஆய்ந்து திரிதரும் நாடன்நிலையா நல் மொழி தேறிய நெஞ்சே? In this short trip to the hills, we get to witness a unique culinary custom, as we listen to the lady say these words to her confidante, pretending not to notice the man listening nearby but making sure he’s in earshot: “Taking the fragrant, sweet fruit, which has ripened in summer, with a honey-like taste, growing on the thick-trunked mango tree in their front yard, and mashing it with the sticky slices of the jackfruit, adding some honeycomb, they prepare a bee-buzzing nectar, pour it into the hollowed-out stems of tall and swaying bamboos and store it for long. That well-aged, sharp toddy turns out with a sharpness, akin to the bite of a snake. After offering a portion of that drink to the god, who resides in the soaring, sky-high peaks, mountain maiden, wearing garments of tender sprouts and leaves, offer to their men, who drink it up, and forget all about guarding their millet fields in the mountain ranges. Then, realising that elephants have raided those millets, unable to accept that, the young and old group together, and then, selecting their bows and weapons, set out and rove around in the country of the lord. What will happen now to that heart of mine, which had trusted in his wavering words?” Time to explore the highs and lows of this terrain! The lady starts by describing the man’s mountain country, and to do that, she first zooms on to a mango fruit in the summer, growing on a tree in the front yard of a home. This mango fruit is said to have the sweetness of honey. We see a hand choosing and plucking this mango fruit. Next, some sticky slices of the jackfruit are taken, and both these fruits are mashed well, with a dash of honeycomb too. Beating this mixture well, next they pour the liquid into the hollowed-out bamboo stems, swaying in the wind. Apparently, they leave this bee-buzzing mixture for a while, and then, when they take out the aged, fermented toddy, it has the sharpness of a snake bite, the lady details. Next she talks about how the womenfolk first offer this well-aged toddy to the god in the mountains and then to their men. Those men happily slurp their fruit wine, and lie there, completely sloshed. Consequently, they forget their task of tending to the millet fields, and as can be expected, elephants come to enjoy their bit of delicacy. Hearing about the raid, the men can tolerate no more, and the young and old prepare to go hunt down the elephant, in the man’s country, the lady connects. She concludes by wondering what is going to happen to her, because she had trusted in the man’s words, which did not seem to stand steady and render permanent happiness! While that long description of a toddy preparation and millet fields may seem like a mere description of place, within lies a sharp and biting metaphor for how the man too had become drunk with the pleasures of trysting with the lady, and had forgotten to protect her from the gossiping mouths, spreading slander in town, and causing her health and beauty to fade. When the man hears that, he will understand the angst in the lady’s situation and take steps to claim her hand. In this usual theme of ‘Marry me, marry me’, I was intrigued to learn about this specific way of preparing what seems like a fermented fruit wine, and when searching about the same, I came across this research abstract published in ...
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    6 分
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