Summary of https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5250447

Argues that human memory remains crucial even in the age of AI. It explores the neuroscience behind learning, detailing how the brain utilizes declarative and procedural memory systems and organizes knowledge into schemata and neural manifolds.

The authors propose that cognitive offloading to digital tools, while seemingly efficient, can undermine these internal cognitive processes, potentially contributing to phenomena like the reversal of the Flynn Effect.

They advocate for educational approaches that balance technology use with the active internalization of knowledge, suggesting that understanding the brain's natural learning mechanisms is key to designing effective education in the digital age.

• The central "Memory Paradox" is that in the age of generative AI and ubiquitous digital tools, increasing reliance on external aids to store or handle information can weaken human cognitive capacities by reducing the exercise of internal memory systems.
• Neuroscience explains that developing deep understanding, fluency, and intuition requires internalizing knowledge through repeated practice, allowing information to transition from the declarative memory system (facts and concepts) to the procedural memory system (skills and routines); excessive reliance on external tools prevents this crucial "proceduralization".
• Building robust internal mental frameworks, known as schemata, which are supported by optimized neural patterns called neural manifolds, is essential for organizing knowledge, enabling efficient thinking, detecting errors, and supporting critical thinking and creativity; constantly looking information up hinders the formation of these internal structures.
• Shifts in educational practices away from emphasizing memorization and explicit content instruction, coinciding with the rise of digital tools and cognitive offloading, are linked to the recent reversal of the Flynn Effect—the decline in IQ scores observed in developed countries—suggesting societal-level consequences for cognitive performance when internal memory is devalued.
• Effective learning in the digital age requires balancing the use of external technology to support internal cognitive work rather than replacing it. Strategies should promote active engagement, structured practice, memorization of foundational knowledge, and utilizing tools that encourage the brain's natural learning mechanisms like prediction error detection and schema formation.