The “Era of Good Feelings” is usually sold as a moment of national calm — a post-War of 1812 breather before Jacksonian chaos. But when the boom ends, that calm turns out to be thin. In 1819, the United States hits its first nationwide capitalist crash. Credit evaporates, paper money destabilizes, foreclosures spread, and debtors’ prisons fill — while the institutions most responsible for the speculation often survive intact. Americans called it “hard times,” and their reactions exposed something deeper than economics: a new, bitter argument over who the market was for, and who it was allowed to crush. In this episode (Sellers, The Market Revolution, Chapter 5 — Part 1), we cover: The mechanics of the Panic: cotton prices, credit contraction, and the Second Bank’s reversal “Hard times” on the ground: unemployment, foreclosure, liquidation, debtors’ prison Why the West imploded hardest — and why the Bank of the U.S. became the era’s perfect villain The Missouri Crisis (Tallmadge Amendment → Compromise) reigniting sectional power conflict South Carolina’s turn toward radical states’ rights (and the early logic of nullification) The Marshall Court “offensive”: Cohens, Osborn, and Gibbons — and Virginia’s backlash Tariffs, taxes, and the hard-times Congress: who wants what from the federal government Internal improvements and implied powers: Monroe and Calhoun’s developmental pivot The cultural pressure of market life: time discipline, consumer goods, and strained authority The Second Great Awakening as democratic revolt — and moral protest against market values Popular politics gets sharper: debtor relief, anti-bank campaigns, and the rise of militant democracy Western experiments with relief banks and state paper — and the constitutional collision that follows Guiding question: How did Americans respond to the Panic of 1819 — and what did those responses reveal about regional identity, political power, and the emerging culture of market capitalism?

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Chapters 00:00 — Cold open: “hard times” and the first crash lesson 01:21 — Welcome + sources (Sellers / Howe / textbooks) 02:14 — Guiding question 03:13 — Howe explains the mechanics of the Panic (cotton, credit, the BUS) 06:36 — What “hard times” looked like: cities, unemployment, debtors’ prison 09:16 — The West collapses: “jaws of the monster” and the BUS as landlord 10:12 — The crash ends the “Era of Good Feelings” 10:28 — Missouri crisis erupts: Tallmadge Amendment and sectional realization 13:16 — Missouri Compromise and the “fire bell in the night” 14:34 — Fear of revolt + colonization logic (“wolf by the ears”) 16:06 — South Carolina distress → tariff anger → radicalization 18:34 — Marshall Court supremacy: Cohens, Osborn, Gibbons 20:57 — Virginia backlash: Roane (“Algernon Sidney”) + John Taylor of Caroline 21:49 — Hard-times Congress: tariffs, taxes, and competing demands 23:30 — Debtor relief + the Land Act of 1820 25:01 — Internal improvements + implied powers (Monroe/Calhoun pivot) 26:39 — General Survey Act and the infrastructure state 28:11 — Cultural pressure: time discipline, consumption, “keeping up” 30:17 — Second Great Awakening and democratic evangelicalism 32:01 — Evangelical protest against market values 34:36 — Popular discontent: banks, specie suspension, and “dictatorships” 35:54 — Debtor relief reforms: Branch, Snyder, Crockett 36:48 — Western radicalism: paper money, relief schemes, court crackdowns 38:16 — Democratic politics hardens: parties, populists, performance 39:51 — Crockett vs demagoguery 40:35 — Bank war politics in the West: relief banks and anti-BUS measures 43:44 — Closing + contact00:00 — Cold open: “hard times” and the first crash lesson

Think America’s current immigration freak-out is some unprecedented modern breakdown?

Nope. It’s one of our oldest political habits. In this episode of Past Is Prologue, John walks through the “greatest hits” of American immigration panic — from 1798 and the Alien & Sedition Acts, to the Know-Nothings, Chinese exclusion, the 1920s quota system, post–World War II crackdowns, the 1965 pivot, and the modern era where immigration stays permanently “unsolved” because an unsolved problem is a renewable political weapon.

The point: these panics are never just about immigration. They’re about power — who gets to define what “America” is, whose culture counts, whose labor is welcomed when it’s cheap, and whose presence becomes a “crisis” the moment it becomes politically useful. If you’ve ever wondered why America keeps replaying the same immigration fights — and why the people shouting the loudest never seem interested in solving anything — this episode lays out the pattern clearly.

🎧 Prefer audio? Search “How the HELL Did We Get Here?” anywhere you get podcasts. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-the-hell-did-we-get-here/id1765781522 Please subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/@HowtheHellDidWeGetHerePodcast/videos?sub_confirmation=1 Chapters (locked to transcript)

📌 CHAPTERS 00:00 — Cold open: America’s oldest panic button 01:38 — What this episode covers 02:19 — 1790s setup: fragile republic, France/Britain, factions 06:06 — Alien & Sedition Acts: “national security” as pretext 08:10 — 1840s–50s: Irish/German immigration and the Know-Nothings 10:56 — Religion + culture as the real fuel 12:45 — Chinese immigration, panic, and exclusion 14:21 — Chinese Exclusion Act: race becomes federal law 17:06 — 1890s–1920s: empire, WWI, “storm-cellar isolationism” 19:41 — Red Scare + immigrants as “foreign subversion” 21:21 — Immigration Act of 1924: quotas and “dead-bolting the entryway” 22:57 — WWII and labor demand: Bracero Program 23:58 — Operation Wetback and mid-century whiplash 24:49 — 1965: new system, new backlash 27:29 — 2000s–present: permanent crisis politics 28:24 — Trump era + family separation 31:30 — The pattern, takeaways, and closing

#AmericanHistory #Immigration #USHISTORY #PastIsPrologue #HistoryPodcast #immigrationpolicy #ChineseExclusionAct #KnowNothings #AlienAndSeditionActs #ImmigrationAct1924 #1965ImmigrationAct #LaborHistory #PoliticalHistory #culturalhistory #RaceAndPolitics #HistoryExplained #Education #educational #history #historyfacts #podcast

The “Era of Good Feelings” is usually sold as a victory lap after the War of 1812 — unity, calm, and confidence in the American experiment.

But if you zoom in, it’s less a victory lap than a stress test.

Republican leaders are trying to build the tools of national development — banks, internal improvements, professional administration — while ordinary voters are demanding the opposite: lower taxes, smaller government, fewer insiders cashing in.

And that contradiction matters, because it becomes the political atmosphere in which the first nationwide capitalist downturn — what Americans called “hard times” — hits in 1819.

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In this episode (Sellers, The Market Revolution, Chapter 4 — Part 1), we cover:

Why the Salary Act of 1816 sparked a democratic backlash and a reform frenzy

How Congress went after Andrew Jackson’s Florida invasion — and accidentally boosted his populist appeal

Why New York becomes the key case study: the Bucktails, DeWitt Clinton, and Van Buren’s party machine

The 1821 New York constitutional fight: expanded white male democracy + intensified racial exclusion

Virginia’s reform battles: western voters vs the Tidewater elite — and Jefferson edging toward a more pragmatic democracy

The Old Republican counterattack on capitalism: Macon, John Taylor of Caroline, and the contradictions of planter politics

The Missouri crisis detonates: Tallmadge, Rufus King, sectional power, and the first clear North/South alignment

A speculative boom built on easy credit: exploding bank charters, corporate charters, and financial overreach

The Second Bank’s failures and tightening credit — the setup for the Panic of 1819 (continued next episode)

Guiding question:

How did the post–War of 1812 developmental state provoke a democratic backlash — and why did that backlash, rather than stopping the Market Revolution, reshape it and set the stage for the crisis of 1819?

Older generations have been dragging “kids these days” for at least 2,000 years. From Cicero whining about Roman youth to boomers roasting Gen Z on TikTok, the script barely changes: lazy, entitled, soft, ruining the country.

In this episode, I walk through how every major wave of change in American history – the Market Revolution, the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era, the Jazz Age, the 1960s, all the way up to millennials and Gen Z – turns into a moral panic about young people, instead of an honest look at how the economy, technology, and power structures are shifting.

In this episode of Past Is Prologue, we cover:

Why Cicero was already complaining about “arrogant, disrespectful” youth

How the Market Revolution made young people leave the family farm – and got them blamed for “moral decay”

The Gilded Age city, youth culture, and the panic over saloons, dance halls, and “easy pleasure”

Progressive Era reformers, suffrage, unions, and why older elites called them naive radicals

The Jazz Age, flappers, cars, jazz, and the birth of modern “youth culture”

The 1960s/70s: civil rights, Vietnam, hippies, and the classic “generation gap”

Millennials and Gen Z: student debt, housing, climate anxiety, gig work, and why “nobody wants to work anymore” is a dodge

The 5-step pattern: world changes → youth adapt → olds feel loss → blame the kids → then become the next round of scolds

Why generational warfare is a convenient distraction from policy failure, inequality, and corporate power

Key question: when someone says “this generation is going to destroy America,” what’s really changed in the world they inherited – and who benefits from blaming the kids instead of the system?

If you’re Gen Z, millennial, or just trying not to become “old man yells at cloud,” this one’s for you.

00:00 — Cold open: “Kids these days” is ancient

01:03 — Welcome + why generational blame repeats

02:32 — The Market Revolution: youth adapt first, olds panic

06:45 — The Gilded Age: cities, youth culture, and moral fears

09:51 — The Progressive Era: young reformers vs. elite backlash

11:57 — The Jazz Age: cars, jazz, sexuality, and 1920s youth panic

13:54 — The 1960s: civil rights, Vietnam, counterculture, generational war

16:06 — Millennials & Gen Z: debt, housing, climate, and modern blame

19:14 — The recurring five-step generational pattern

21:31 — Why older generations forget what youth feels like

22:23 — What to do with this pattern (skepticism + perspective)

23:58 — Final takeaway: The complaint is old — the kids are new

24:22 — Closing + sign-off

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America has tried the “tiny federal government” experiment before. After the War of 1812, Jefferson’s minimalist republic simply couldn’t handle a big-power world—so a new generation rebuilt the state.

This episode traces how Calhoun, Clay, Jackson, Adams, and the Marshall Court turned a weak agrarian republic into a nationalist market power between 1815 and the early 1820s.

America has tried “small government” in a big-power world before. After the War of 1812, Jefferson’s tiny federal state—low taxes, a skeleton army and navy, deep suspicion of banks—collapsed under the pressure of war, markets, and territorial expansion.

In this episode of How the HELL Did We Get Here?, I walk through Chapter 3 of Charles Sellers’ The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 and show how a new generation of Republican leaders—John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Marshall Court under John Marshall and Joseph Story—rebuilt the United States as a national market state.

We’ll cover:

How the War of 1812 exposed the limits of Jeffersonian “small government”

Calhoun and Clay’s nationalist agenda: the Second Bank of the United States, the American System, and the Dallas Tariff of 1816

The constitutional fight over internal improvements and the Bonus Bill

The Marshall Court’s “market constitution”: Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, McCulloch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, and Gibbons v. Ogden

Andrew Jackson’s wars against Native Americans as economic conquest—Creek lands, Florida campaigns, early Indian Removal—and the rise of the Cotton Kingdom

John Quincy Adams’s diplomacy: the Adams-Onís Treaty, Rush-Bagot, the Convention of 1818, and the road to the Monroe Doctrine

Why “national republicanism” looked triumphant in the early 1820s—and why slavery, Native resistance, taxes, and sectionalism were already tearing it apart

Along the way, I also draw on:

The American Pageant (AP U.S. History)

Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty!

Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought (Oxford History of the United States)

If you’re interested in how the Market Revolution, federal power, Native dispossession, slavery, and early 19th-century nationalism fit together, this is the episode for you.

In this episode of Past Is Prologue, John looks at more than 200 years of American economic history to answer a deceptively simple question:

Why does the United States keep crashing its own economy?

Starting with the Panic of 1819 and running through 1837, 1873, 1893, the Great Depression, and the 2008 financial collapse, John shows how the same boom-and-bust pattern repeats with stunning consistency. Rather than treating each crisis as a fluke or “black swan,” he traces the underlying structural forces that make meltdown a recurring feature of the American system.

He examines the development of the market economy, waves of reckless speculation, weak or nonexistent regulation, new financial instruments that outpace oversight, and political failures that allow predictable disasters to become national catastrophes. And he explains why the people who design the riskiest systems almost never pay the price — but ordinary workers, farmers, and homeowners always do.

If you’ve ever wondered why America has endured so many economic collapses — or why the next one shouldn’t surprise anyone — this episode lays it out clearly.

In this episode of How the Hell Did We Get Here?, John digs into Chapter 2 of Charles Sellers’ The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 — a pivotal moment when the United States was pushed, pulled, and coerced into a radically new economic order.

Rather than a smooth evolution into a “modern” market economy, Sellers shows a far more turbulent reality: political battles over surplus capital, state-driven development, forced restructuring of everyday life, and deep conflicts between the winners of the new order and the many people who never asked to be part of it.

John walks through the major forces Sellers identifies:

The collapse of Jeffersonian agrarianism

Madison’s surprising embrace of nationalist economics

The foundational role of banks, credit, and internal improvements

How market relations began invading households, communities, and farms

The early psychological and cultural backlash against this new economic regime

Along the way, John explains why this chapter matters far beyond the 1810s and 1820s. Sellers’ arguments shed light on how economic revolutions actually happen: unevenly, with immense pressure, through political struggle, and often against the preferences of ordinary Americans.

This episode is for anyone trying to understand how the U.S. was pushed into capitalism — and how the tensions born in this period still shape American life today.

In this episode of Past Is Prologue, John looks at what 250 years of American history can teach us about the rise of artificial intelligence.

Rather than treating AI as a totally unprecedented rupture, John compares it to five earlier waves of technological and economic transformation:

1. The Market Revolution of the early 1800s

2. The First Industrial Revolution and the rise of wage labor

3. The Second Industrial Revolution, corporate power, and the Progressive backlash

4. Post–World War II globalization and the hollowing out of local economies

5. The Internet and digital revolution from the mid-1990s to the 2010s

Along the way, he traces familiar patterns: displacement and “creative destruction,” the concentration of power in the hands of a few actors, the lag between innovation and regulation, the gap between tech idealism and lived reality, and how badly societies tend to fail the people least equipped to adapt.

John argues that AI fits squarely inside this historical pattern—not as an omen of inevitable utopia or apocalypse, but as another turning point where choices about policy, power, and responsibility will matter far more than hype.

If you’re trying to make sense of AI without swallowing the sales pitch from the people building and owning it, this episode is for you.