Kortney discusses the history of methylene blue.

Music:

Introduction music by Hits Lab

Show music by Shadows and Echoes

Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

Outro music by Freesound Community

Closing Remarks music by HitsLab

Sources:

Calderón, M., Weitzel, T., Rodriguez, M. F., & Ciapponi, A. (2017). Methylene blue for treating malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(10), Article CD012837. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012837

Dalhoff, A. (2021). Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents—Still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection, 49(1), 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y

Drugs.com. (2026, May 8). Methylene blue side effects: Common, severe, long term. https://www.drugs.com/sfx/methylene-blue-side-effects.html

Goldman, L. (2025, April 24). What to know about methylene blue. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/medications-and-treatments/what-to-know-about-methylene-blue

National Institutes of Health. (2025, July 22). Mitochondria and health. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/mitochondria-health

Watson, D. J., Laing, L., Petzer, J. P., Wong, H. N., Parkinson, C. J., Wiesner, L., & Haynes, R. K. (2024). Efficacies and ADME properties of redox active methylene blue and phenoxazine analogues for use in new antimalarial triple drug combinations with amino-artemisinins. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1308400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1308400

Zipfel, P. F., & Skerka, C. (2022). From magic bullets to modern therapeutics: Paul Ehrlich, the German immunobiologist and physician coined the term 'complement'. Molecular Immunology, 150, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.002

Kylie tells the story of Phineas Gage and the history of the lobotomy.

Music:

Introduction music by Freesound Community

Show music by Shadows and Echoes

Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

Outro music by Freesound Community

Closing Remarks music by HitsLab

Kortney discusses the common sleep medication, Ambien, and some of the strange and horrific occurrences that have happened to people taking it.

Sources:

ABC7 Chicago. (2016, July 1). Fake plane crash called in to 911 by man on Ambien. https://abc7chicago.com/post/fake-plane-crash-called-in-to-911-by-man-on-ambien/1408442/

Bouchette, D., Akhondi, H., & Quick, J. (2024). Zolpidem. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442008/

David Bailey. (n.d.). Sleep driving Ambien documentary [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6ifIovaMoI

Neubauer, D. N. (2007). The evolution and development of insomnia pharmacotherapies. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(5 Suppl), S11–S15. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1978321/

Paradis, C. M., Siegel, L. A., & Kleinman, S. B. (2012). Two cases of zolpidem-associated homicide. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 14(4). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3505131/

Rogers, K. (2024). Zolpidem. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/zolpidem

Thonnard, M., Gosseries, O., Demertzi, A., Lugo, Z., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Bruno, M.-A., Chatelle, C., Thibaut, A., Charland-Verville, V., Habbal, D., Schnakers, C., & Laureys, S. (2013). Effect of zolpidem in chronic disorders of consciousness: A prospective open-label study. Functional Neurology, 28(4), 259–264. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3951253/

Music:

Introduction music by Shadows and Echoes

Show music by Shadows and Echoes

Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

Outro music by Freesound Community

Closing Remarks music by HitsLab

Kylie discusses the science and unknowns related to a common sleep disorder.

Music:

Introduction music by HitsLab

Show music by Shadows and Echoes

Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

Outro music by Freesound Community

Closing Remarks music by HitsLab

Kortney finishes the story of the killer spinal surgeon.

Sources:

C. Duntsch, personal communication, December 11, 2011

Kaplan, R. (2021). Christopher Duntsch: A review of clinicide. Journal of Forensic Psychology, 6, 193. https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/christopher-duntsch-a-review-of-clinicide.pdf

Truly Criminal. (2023, November 11). The Unconscionable Crimes Of Dr. Christopher Duntsch [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSqUvZ_rMJc

YouTube Movies & TV. (2024, December 1). Murder By Medic: S2 E6 - Christopher Duntsch [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oroqcUT6jjE

Music:

Introduction music by Lost Soul

Show music by Shadows and Echoes

Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

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Closing Remarks music by HitsLab

Kortney dives into the case of Dr. Duntsch, a doctor gone deranged.

Sources:

C. Duntsch, personal communication, December 11, 2011

Kaplan, R. (2021). Christopher Duntsch: A review of clinicide. Journal of Forensic Psychology, 6, 193. https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/christopher-duntsch-a-review-of-clinicide.pdf

Truly Criminal. (2023, November 11). The Unconscionable Crimes Of Dr. Christopher Duntsch [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSqUvZ_rMJc

YouTube Movies & TV. (2024, December 1). Murder By Medic: S2 E6 - Christopher Duntsch [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oroqcUT6jjE

Music:

Introduction music by Konstantin Pazuzu Studio

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Closing Remarks music by HitsLab

Get ready for the spooky and paranormal as Kylie shares our first listener story.

Source:

The Ladd School Historical Society. (2026). History. HTTPS://www.theladdschool.com/history/

Show Music:

Introduction music by Lost Soul

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Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

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Closing Remarks music by HitsLab

Kortney shares the history of Bedlam, one of the UK’s most notorious “insane” asylums.

If you or someone you know is in need of mental health assistance, please do not hesitate to reach out for help. Here are some resources to assist you:

United States & Canada- call or text 988, available 24/7

United Kingdom- call or text 18001 111

Sources:

Halliday, S. (2020, October 29). Why was Bethlem Royal Hospital known as “Bedlam”? HistoryExtra. https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/bethlem-royal-hospital-history-why-called-bedlam-lunatic-asylum/

JLO Productions. (2014, August 16). BBC Mental: A history of the madhouse (Full documentary) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oswUssXzFlY

The History Squad. (2024). Bedlam: The shocking history behind Bethlem Hospital, London’s first mental asylum [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j91bltEP778

Music:

Introduction music by Lost Soul

Show music by Shadows and Echoes

Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

Outro music by Freesound Community

Closing Remarks music by HitsLab