Kortney discusses the history of methylene blue.

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Sources:

Calderón, M., Weitzel, T., Rodriguez, M. F., & Ciapponi, A. (2017). Methylene blue for treating malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(10), Article CD012837. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012837

Dalhoff, A. (2021). Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents—Still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks? Infection, 49(1), 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01536-y

Drugs.com. (2026, May 8). Methylene blue side effects: Common, severe, long term. https://www.drugs.com/sfx/methylene-blue-side-effects.html

Goldman, L. (2025, April 24). What to know about methylene blue. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/medications-and-treatments/what-to-know-about-methylene-blue

National Institutes of Health. (2025, July 22). Mitochondria and health. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/mitochondria-health

Watson, D. J., Laing, L., Petzer, J. P., Wong, H. N., Parkinson, C. J., Wiesner, L., & Haynes, R. K. (2024). Efficacies and ADME properties of redox active methylene blue and phenoxazine analogues for use in new antimalarial triple drug combinations with amino-artemisinins. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1308400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1308400

Zipfel, P. F., & Skerka, C. (2022). From magic bullets to modern therapeutics: Paul Ehrlich, the German immunobiologist and physician coined the term 'complement'. Molecular Immunology, 150, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.002

Kylie tells the story of Phineas Gage and the history of the lobotomy.

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Kortney discusses the common sleep medication, Ambien, and some of the strange and horrific occurrences that have happened to people taking it.

Sources:

ABC7 Chicago. (2016, July 1). Fake plane crash called in to 911 by man on Ambien. https://abc7chicago.com/post/fake-plane-crash-called-in-to-911-by-man-on-ambien/1408442/

Bouchette, D., Akhondi, H., & Quick, J. (2024). Zolpidem. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442008/

David Bailey. (n.d.). Sleep driving Ambien documentary [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6ifIovaMoI

Neubauer, D. N. (2007). The evolution and development of insomnia pharmacotherapies. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(5 Suppl), S11–S15. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1978321/

Paradis, C. M., Siegel, L. A., & Kleinman, S. B. (2012). Two cases of zolpidem-associated homicide. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 14(4). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3505131/

Rogers, K. (2024). Zolpidem. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/zolpidem

Thonnard, M., Gosseries, O., Demertzi, A., Lugo, Z., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Bruno, M.-A., Chatelle, C., Thibaut, A., Charland-Verville, V., Habbal, D., Schnakers, C., & Laureys, S. (2013). Effect of zolpidem in chronic disorders of consciousness: A prospective open-label study. Functional Neurology, 28(4), 259–264. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3951253/

Music:

Introduction music by Shadows and Echoes

Show music by Shadows and Echoes

Transitions by Dragon Studio

Sound clips by Dragon Studio and Freesound Community

Outro music by Freesound Community

Closing Remarks music by HitsLab