North Africa feels distinct from Sub-Saharan Africa due to the Sahara Desert’s geographic divide, shaping different climates and economies. Historically, North Africa integrated with Mediterranean and Islamic worlds, adopting Arab culture and language, while Sub-Saharan Africa’s diverse ethnic groups and kingdoms evolved separately. Culturally, North Africa’s Arab-Islamic identity contrasts with Sub-Saharan Africa’s varied traditions and religions. Politically, North Africa aligns with the Arab world, while Sub-Saharan Africa focuses on pan-African ties. Colonial legacies further deepened these divides.

1. Universally Hated: Gaddafi had significant support in Libya despite opposition.

2. Poor Libya: Libya was wealthy with high GDP and social programs under Gaddafi.

3. Terrorist Mastermind: His role in attacks like Lockerbie was exaggerated; he funded more than planned.

4. Hoarded Wealth: Gaddafi invested in Libya, with debated personal wealth.

5. Internal Revolt: 2011 fall was driven by NATO, not just a local uprising.

On November 18, 1949, at the Iva Valley Coal Mine in Enugu, Nigeria, 21 striking coal miners and a bystander were killed, and 51 others injured by British colonial police led by Superintendent F.S. Philip. The miners, protesting poor working conditions, unpaid wages, and racial abuse under British management, occupied the mine to prevent a lockout. Tensions escalated when police attempted to remove explosives, leading to the shooting of unarmed workers. The massacre, known as the Iva Valley Shooting, sparked nationwide outrage, fueled the Zikist independence movement, and strengthened Nigeria’s push for independence.