
Birth of Man's Hubris and Observing the Other in the Age of Enlightenment
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Over the past five centuries, the Western world has undergone a significant transformation, beginning with the idea of absolute sovereignty in God, then moving to monarchy and the sovereign nation, and finally progressing to the empowerment of the people through democracy, ultimately leading to the sovereignty of the individual.
Furthermore, this period witnessed the observing of the Other from the lens of the Enlightenment. As the Ottoman threat diminished, the Europeans endeavoured to comprehend the Ottoman Empire from a standpoint of its emerging dominance over the 'Other'. Throughout the Enlightenment period in the eighteenth century, the Ottomans continued to captivate the attention of European intellectuals and philosophers such as Boulainvilliers, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Gibbon, evoking both admiration and aversion. The criticism of Ottoman society and culture highlighted everything contrary to European 'values'. The emergence of the term 'despot' and the association of exoticism with the Orient further solidified anti-Turk/anti-Islamic sentiments.
Source:
M. Mustafa, Perceptions of the Other: Eurocentrism in the Historiography of Islam from the Medieval Period to the Modern Era: Clash of Civilisations or Dialogue of Cultures? (Sydney: Centre for Ottoman Renaissance and Civilisation, 2025), 83-103.