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11.) The Fifth Vial: Or, The Darkness.

11.) The Fifth Vial: Or, The Darkness.

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Chapter 11, "The Fifth Vial: Or, The Darkness," from James Aitken Wylie's *The Great Exodus*: The chapter opens in Northern Italy in April 1859, as the Austrian army prepares for conflict with the Piedmontese and French forces. Wylie uses this scene to illustrate the fifth vial's outpouring upon the "throne of the beast" (Papal Europe), symbolizing a period of spiritual darkness. This darkness isn't a literal eclipse, but rather a moral and political one, represented by the political turmoil and oppression that was overwhelming the Papal states at the time, specifically: * **The Imminent Fall of Papal Power:** The chapter highlights the weakening of the Pope's temporal power due to the rise of nationalism in Italy. This political instability symbolizes the spiritual darkness affecting the Papacy. * **The Spread of Darkness:** The conflict in Italy is portrayed as spreading the plague of darkness throughout Papal Europe. This symbolizes a wider spiritual decline and the spread of atheism and doubt. Nationalism and revolutionary ideologies are presented as forces that were eroding the spiritual influence of the Church. * **A Period of Uncertainty and Division:** The chapter highlights the lack of a clear path forward in Italy's political future, emphasizing indecision, uncertainty, and conflict among various factions. This reflects the spiritual confusion and the inability of the Church to provide clear answers to the crises of the era. The chapter's overall message is that this period of "darkness" isn't merely political, but has a deeply spiritual dimension, and a moral decline that affects the whole of the Church under the Papacy's rule.

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