I. Widespread Power Outage and Investigation

A. Incident Description:

• On Monday, a significant power outage affected nearly the entire Spanish territory, with the exceptions of the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla.
• The outage occurred around 12:30 PM peninsular time.
• The President of the Government, Pedro Sánchez, stated that the incident involved a "sudden loss" of 15 gigawatts of energy production within five seconds, representing 60% of the electricity being consumed at that moment. This was described as "something that had never happened before."
• Red Eléctrica Española (REE), the private operator managing the grid, reported two consecutive incidents of generation loss immediately preceding the outage.
• The first incident, in the southwest of the peninsula, was initially overcome.
• A second, compatible with a loss of generation, occurred just 1.5 seconds later, leading to oscillations and the final blackout 3.5 seconds after that.
• REE indicated that "it is very possible that the affected generation could be solar," though this is not a definitive conclusion.
• The electrical system has since been normalized, with REE successfully recovering the grid using hydroelectric and combined cycle gas generation.

B. Investigation into Sabotage:

• The Audiencia Nacional (National Court) has opened preliminary proceedings to investigate whether the blackout was an act of computer sabotage on critical Spanish infrastructure and if it could constitute a crime of terrorism.
• Judge José Luis Calama has requested reports within ten days from the Centro Criptológico Nacional (National Cryptologic Center) and Red Eléctrica Corporación SA to determine the cause(s) of the blackout.
• The Judge also requested a preliminary report from the Police Information Headquarters within ten days.
• The magistrate noted that while the cause is currently unknown, "cyberterrorism is among one of the possible" options, necessitating a judicial investigation.
• The incident is considered serious as it affected computer systems supporting "essential services to society such as health, energy, industry or transport," creating a "critical situation for the well-being and sense of security of all citizens."
• The investigation cites Article 573 of the Penal Code, which states that computer crimes can be classified as terrorism if their purpose is to severely destabilize the constitutional order or the functioning of essential services.

C. Conflicting Statements and Government Response:

• Red Eléctrica Española (REE): Eduardo Prieto, director of Operation Services at REE, has "ruled out that the cause of the blackout was a cyberattack," stating that "effectively there has been no type of intrusion in the control systems that could have caused the incident."
• President Pedro Sánchez: While acknowledging the Audiencia Nacional's investigation is within the "logical order of a democratic state's society," Sánchez stated that the government does not have "conclusive" information that the incident was a terrorist attack. He also said it would be "imprudent" to rule out any hypothesis, but equally "imprudent" to point to one or another hypothesis.
• The government is committed to investigating the cause of the failure and has indicated that "responsibilities will be demanded from private operators."

D. Impact on Essential Services:

• The blackout impacted essential services, including transportation, education, and potentially healthcare.
• Transportation: Thousands of train passengers were stranded, and some train lines remained interrupted even after the power was restored. Metro services in major cities like Madrid and Barcelona have recovered, and airports are functioning normally.

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