The Weimar Republic has become a byword for a failed, tragic, political experiment. The official period of its existence, 1919-1933, marked the inter-war years in Germany and their related uncertainty, chaos and the state’s ultimate collapse. Historians have found the roots of Nazism embedded in the Weimar years and that in the final analysis, Weimar politicians voluntarily handed over power to the man who wrought destruction on an epic scale, Adolf Hitler.

Yet, the Weimar era encapsulated a number of trends and fissures within German society, as well as the international community. The Weimar Republic was a prisoner of events and in the long run had little power to shape them. Historians are fond of interpreting the past as a tension between human agency, that is to say decision making, and structural developments that evade individual choices. Both these interpretations are crucial when examining the tumultuous years of Germany’s Weimar Republic.

German governments had teetered on the edge of collapse throughout the Weimar years, as politicians of all stripes had struggled to stabilize the economy and the wider societal problems. In the 14 years between 1919 and 1933, a total of 20 separate coalition governments had been formed. The most stable period, after the hyperinflation of 1923 and before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, was only calm in a relative sense. It is therefore perhaps unsurprising that the Weimar state was so easily dismantled by Hitler’s National Socialists. What is more shocking, however, is the speed in which the Nazis turned a fragile democracy into one of history’s most draconian dictatorships. The Nazis demonstrated both brute force and political guile, as well as highly effective propaganda, in achieving their aims.

A Brief History of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany Before World War II provides a quick but comprehensive look at the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany before the war.