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Initially born into slavery, Epictetus knew first-hand the true meaning of suffering. He argued that it is impossible to control external events, and therefore we should work to accept what the future holds calmly and dispassionately. Some say his work is comparable to Socratic literature, particularly in his approach to self-examination and self-discipline: ultimately, he believed individuals were responsible for their own actions, which can be controlled though hard work and willpower.

Appian's Civil Wars offers a comprehensive account of the unstable epoch from the time of Tiberius Gracchus (133 BC) to the great conflicts which followed the murder of Julius Caesar. For the events between 133 and 70 BC Appian is the only constant surviving narrative source, making his diaries an invaluable source to understand this brutal and formative moment in history.

Shortly before his death in 1645, the undefeated swordsman Miyamoto Musashi retreated to a cave to live as a hermit. There he wrote five scrolls describing the "true principles" required for victory in the martial arts and on the battlefield. Instead of relying on religion or theory, Musashi based his writings on his own experience, observation, and reason.