There are many Gothic Line heroes who helped free Italy from Nazi and Italian Fascist tyranny but arguably some of the most unsung soldiers who fought and died for democracy even though they did not have it at home were the 50,000 Indians troops. They played a pivotal in the British-led Eighth Army on the Adriatic sector of the Allied Force campaign. Three Indian Divisions, each embedded with Scottish Highlander troops and sometimes other British soldiers, fought mainly in the rugged Apennine mountains to cover the flank of English, Canadian. Polish and Greek troops advancing up the Adriatic coastal plain. The bond forged between the Indians and British soldiers, especially with different divisions of the Scottish Highlander troops, is a multicultural success story .

Daniel Cesaretti began a crusade 40 years ago to honor the Indian soldiers that fought in Italy and to inform his fellow Italian citizens of their noble efforts. During the past four decades he has visited every battlefield where Indian soldiers fought and where more than 5,000 of them died. His efforts have led to various memorials. He is now leading an effort to establish a Indian soldier memorial site outside the city of Rimini so their valor will never be forgotten.

The story of the Indian soldiers is one that is not only an important historical landmark but also a vital reference point in today's politics when it comes to the debate over immigration in Europe. For the next two episodes of this podcast we will examine all of these issues in a two-part series dedicated to the Indian soldier story on the Gothic Line.

From an early age 34-year-old Marco Dalmonte accompanied his father on field trips combing the Adriatic coastal plain and Apennine mountains searching for WWII artifacts and even body parts of soldiers that remained unidentified decades after the Allied Armies engaged in the Gothic Line Offensive. Since that time, Dalmonte's family has accumulated a massive collection of abandoned Army surplus. As he grew older Marco Dalmonte transitioned from combing the old battlefield sites to exploring WWII film archives as well as internet platforms where vintage film and photos are traded. As a result, he gathered a collection of original film material taken primarily by the British Army but also American forces as well as German Wehrmacht. In recent years he has collated the material and engaged on a tour with film presentations customized for more than 50 towns in the Adriatic hills and the coastal plain where the British Eighth Army slogged up northeastern Italy before hitting a brick wall in the form of approximately 500,000 German troops. They were under orders from Hitler to defend at all costs the Senio River that flows from the Apennines towards the Adriatic Sea. By December of 1944 the British Eighth Army, low on arms, soldiers and, perhaps most of all, morale, reverted to WWI tactics and dug in for a four-month battle of attrition. Along a 30-kilometer stretch of the river English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Canadian, New Zealander, Polish, Indian soldiers along with one of the first Jewish armies since Roman times hunkered down and engaged in a fierce, daily barrage of artillery exchanges as well as regular cat-and-mouse guerrilla fighting. Today the territory is still hazardous due to unexploded ordnance. Along with his travels across the region, Dalmonte can guide you along the banks of the Senio River and recount the stalemate that makes visitors understand the agony of battle and the enduring aftermath along one of WWII's least known but decisive military fault lines.

Eighty some years before the Israeli Defense Force became one of the most powerful armies in the Middle East, it was a flelging, disparate group of volunteers that were part of the Zionist movement in what was the Palestine Mandate established by the League of Nations and governed by the United Kingdom. When WWII began after Adolph Hitler began his blitzkrieg in Poland in 1939 and Italian Dictator Mussolini joined him by attacking France and the Balkans, some members of the Zionist movement joined the British Army. Facing constant pressure from those Zionist volunteers to have their own Jewish Brigade instead of serving within British units, the British military and government originally resisted. But when in 1944 the British and American governments began to receive witness accounts and intelligence about German extermination camps slaughtering Jews that had been rounded up from all over Europe, the British acquiesced and thus the first Jewish Army since Roman times was born. It was made up of approximately 5,000 soldiers - mostly men but some women from the Palestine Mandate - and it took up positions in March of 1945 in Italy on the Adriatic sector of the Gothic Line as part of the British Eighth Army. After participating in various battles along the Senio River in the April 1945 offensive to break through German forces and capture Bologna, the Jewish Brigade was moved to northern Italy in the mountains along the borders of what is today Italy, Slovenia and Austria. From there some Jewish Brigade members began unauthorized missions using British vehicles to rescue Jewish refugees who had escaped the Holocaust and bring them to ports in Italy so they could be transported to the Palestine Mandate. The Jewish Brigade soldiers would eventually return to the Palestine mandate and their experience on the Gothic Line was instrumental when tensions between Jews and Arabs erupted in war in 1948. After Israel was established as an independent nation in 1949 and the Israeli Defense Force was formed, the Jewish Brigade veterans were a core part. This included officers, who used their military training in the British Army to continuously overcome far larger and better-equipped Arab armies, especially the Egyptian Forces, as Israel evolved. This story is told by Stefano Scaletta, a native of Italy and resident of Tel Aviv, in a recent book titled La Brigata Ibraica tra Guerra e Salvataggio dei Sopravvissutti alla Shoah (1939-1947) or in English: The Jewish Brigade between war and rescuing the Holocaust survivors (1939-1947). And as part of the podcast's Past is Present theme, Scaletta also responded to questions about whether or not Israeli government and the Israeli Defense Force's policies in Gaza and the West Bank since the April 7, 2023 attack by Hamas have been disproportionate and, as some human rights groups and others claim, amount to a genocide against the Palestinians.

When you learn the story of some Polish soldiers and civilians' WWII saga including being imprisoned in the Soviet Union at the start of WWII, then escaping down through what is today central Russia, Iran, Syria, Palestine and Libya before arriving in Italy in 1943 to help Allied Forces end Nazi and Italian Fascist tyranny, it is easy to wonder how they survived such trauma. Surely, human perseverance played the biggest role. But they had a little help from a furry animal they found in the mountains of Iran. Named Wojtek - which means joyful warrior in Polish - it was a cub brown bear whose mother had been killed. Raised by the Poles during their saga across the Middle East and North Africa, he was enlisted in the Polish Army in late 1943 in order to get around British Navy rules forbidding the presence of animals on battleships that were transporting troops across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy. By that time Wojtek was far more than a morale-boosting pet. He was a brave artillery brigade asset who transported ammunition in the heat of battle. Mimicking fellow soldiers , Wojtek also adopted their fondness for beer, cigarettes and wrestling. Although Wojtek's presence was not enough to save some Polish soldiers from desperate acts upon hearing the news of the betrayal by Roosevelt and Churchill at the February 1945 Yalta Conference, he did help keep a smile on many a face during the Gothic Line Offensive and well after the end of WWII in Italy and Europe.

For more info about this story and others in the podcast contact Joe Kirwin at the following email address: joekirwin@compuserve.com

When Leone Singer escaped Austria and Hitler's Jewish genocide the ever changing national borders in central Europe confused a bureaucratic in the city of Trieste. As a result he issued iin 1938 an identity card that determined Leone's nationality as stateless and, most important, it omitted his Jewish heritage. As a result he was able to begin a new life in Italy. But eventually the Fascist government caught up with him and had him arrested in mid 1943 - but not as a Jew but as a stateless refugee. When Mussolini was arrested and Italy signed an armistice in September of 1943 with the Allied countries, Italian police released Leone Singer and others at the prison and told them to flee before the Nazis arrived. Leone Singer and several others escaped to a small fishing village east of Rome on the Adriatic Sea and paid a fisherman to take them over the night to the port town of Ancona where the Polish army was preparing for the Gothic Line offensive. Leone Singer joined the Polish Army. In February when the fighting against the Nazis halted along the Senio River and the devastating news of the Yalta Conference arrived Leone Singer was able to convince bureaucrats in Rome that he had residency rights thanks to the faulty info on his 1938 residency card. Working In that Rome bureaucratic office was a former partisan from the Justice and Liberty group named Fortunata Romeo. Shortly thereafter, she and Leone would fall in love and son Enrico Singer was born in 1947. Enrico would go on to become a prominent Italian journalist where he served as a foreign correspondent in different European capitals until retiring 15 years ago. He tells the family story of tragedy (his grandparents were killed in the Holocaust) as well as luck, love and now dismay as refugees are scapegoated and war is raging in Ukraine where his family descended.

The story of war and the refugees it provokes is a story as old as homo sapiens. But few are as complicated, confusing and enduring as the story of how more than 100,000 Polish soldiers ended up fighting as part of the British Eighth Army in Italy in 1944-45 , including on the Gothic Line. The saga began when Hitler invaded Poland on Sept. 1, 1939 which triggered the start of WWII. The Soviet Union followed up with a Polish invasion two weeks later after the infamous Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union went into force. The dual invasions scattered hundreds of thousands of Polish refugees throughout Europe, Asia, Africa and other parts of the world. The heroic sacrifice to get to Italy and then again onto the battlefield climaxed in April 1945 when the second Polish Army Corp liberated Bologna in the final days of the Gothic Line Offensive and WWII in Italy. However there were no spoils of victory for the Polish Army in Italy thanks to the February 1945 Yalta Conference when British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt ceded Eastern Europe control to the Soviet Union and its murderous dictator Josef Stalin.

Michel Zarychita, an historian with the Polish Institute for National Remembrance in Warsaw provides the details of the complex Polish soldier diaspora triggered by WW II and how they ended up in Italy in this 2-part series about Poland and their contribution in Italy and the Gothic Line.

The second episode of this two-part series focuses on the story of the Jewish father of prominent Italian journalist Enrico Singer. Leone Singer escaped to Italy in 1938 from central Europe and the Nazis and then again from the Italian Fascists and joined the Polish Second Army Corp in Ancona on the Adriatic Coast of Italy as they were launching their part of the Gothic Line Offensive.

Photo of Polish General Wladyslaw Anders courtesy of Polish Institute for National Remembrance photographic archives.

War and politics can make for strange bedfellows and that axiom was as true 80 years ago in WW II in Italy as it is today. One prominent example of that was Brazil joining the Allied Forces to end Nazi and Italian Fascist tyranny in Italy on the Gothic Line Offensive. Before and during WW II, Brazil was led by dictator Getulio Vargas who took power in Brazil via a coup d'etat in the 1930s. His authoritarian inspiration came from none other than Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. However after U.S. State Department lobbying that followed the Japanese Pearl Harbor attack in Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 and the subsequent sinking of Brazilian coastal merchant ships by German submarines, Brazil declared war in 1942 on the Axis Forces of Germany and Italy.

To help the Allied Forces, the Brazilian army formed a 25,000 soldier Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB). Unlike any other WWII army, the FEB was racially integrated - an example that would go on to help galvanize the U.S. African American civil rights movement.

However American military commanders were not impressed. The Brazilian military training and weaponry was based on WW I military doctrine and was therefore outdated and obsolete, especially as it concerned mountain warfare .

It was only when the U.S. Army Allied Command decided to move more than 25,000 U.S. troops out of Italy in mid-1944 to support the Normandy invasion in France and were desperately in need of replacements for the Gothic Line Offensive that the Brazilian FEB was deployed. That took place in the second half of 1944 in Tuscany. After their first combat training in WW II mobile and mountain warfare, the FEB was sent to the Apennine Mountains. Flanking them on their left was the segregated U.S. African-American 92nd Division ``Buffalo Soldiers'', who were also facing their first WWII combat. . The FEB's role was to work primarily with the U.S. Army 10th Mountain Division, which was also experiencing its first combat after more than two years of intensive mountain combat training in the United States.

The FEB suffered significant losses in its first combat when it was tasked with driving German troops off key strategic mountains that were blocking the U.S. Fifth Army from a breakthrough in its goal to reach Bologna before Christmas of 1944. Tactical errors were partly to blame for initial FEB failures. But strategically placed mountain-top German artillery also made their task difficult if not impossible.

By the spring of 1945, the FEB was, by all accounts, a much more effective fighting force and achieved major victories. One of those included the conquest of the mountain town of Montese west of Bologna where the FEB are feted annually.

Two authors - Brazilian Prof. Dennison de Oliveira and Italian museum curator Andrea Gondolfin - who have chronicled the story of the FEB in recent years - will provide in this podcast episode further insight to the Brazilian WWII story on the Gothic Line in Italy.

During the final segment of the episode we will fast forward 80 years when neo-fascism and war are threatening the European continent in eerily similar ways to what happened in the run-up up to WW II. As was the case in the 1930s, Brazil and its current Socialist President Lula da Silva has some ironical bedfellows. No. 1 on that list is Russian President Vladimir Putin, who President Lula da Silva has embraced and is indirectly supporting by buying diesel fuel from Russia even though Brazil has sufficient domestic supplies. President Lula has repeatedly rebuffed Western democratic country pleas, including from many that Brazil allied with in WW II, to join the effort to help Ukraine. Vitelio Brustolin, an international relations professor in Brazil and in the United States, will explain how by embracing Putin Lula is out of step with most Brazilians.

For more information about the podcast contact Joe Kirwin at joekirwin@compuserve.com or at 00 32 478 277802.

Ivy League envy is a familiar theme that has occasionally surfaced in American public and political life since the elite universities such as Harvard, Cornell, Dartmouth, Yale and others opened more than 200 years ago. The current resentment wave led by U.S. President Donald Trump and his MAGA mob is a particularly pernicious, unwarranted inquisition and will surely backfire - just as happened in the past, including in World War II.

Moreover when U.S. Army General Mark Clark planned and commanded the 1943-44 winter American assault on the mountainous terrain of mainland Italy between Naples and Rome, he had at his disposal the first-ever specially trained mountain division of more than 20,000 soldiers. Known as the 10th Mountain Division, the troops had undergone rigorous training since 1941 - first on Mount Rainier in Washington state and then high in the Colorado mountains at a purpose-built training base where they honed their combat skills in frigid weather using skis and mountain climbing. But after more than two years of training - and despite a desperate need for infantry troops - the Tenth Mountain Division was rejected by Clark. Why? Because he considered them unreliable Ivy League ``elitists'' unsuitable for rugged combat. Indeed a large majority of the 10th Mountain Division were from Ivy League institutions, especially schools such as Dartmouth and others located in the New England mountains.

Clark's initial rejection of the 10th Mountain Division proved costly as the U.S. military struggled in the mountains between Naples and Rome . As it was, specially trained French and Moroccan mountain troops were employed when U.S. commanders withdrew some American troops to conduct the amphibious, Anzio surprise beach landing 30 miles southwest of Rome in early 1944. The French and Moroccan troops were fierce fighters but they also sexually assaulted thousands of Italian women - a controversy that still lingers today and is a shameful legacy that some Italians use to either ignore or tarnish the sacrifices of Allied Forces in Italy . As it was, the winter of 1943-44 was a bloody battle that cost the lives of tens of thouands of Allied soldiers, many of whom had never trained or fought in the mountains.

Despite that costly campaign, Clark continued to reject the 10th Mountain Division when he planned the U.S. Fifth Army assault on the Gothic Line, which began in early September of 1944. Again faced with the deadly challenge of assaulting German mountain-top fortifications in the northern Apennine mountains, Clark insisted on using U.S. army infantry divisions that had been on the front lines for nearly two years with minimal or no rest - unheard of in contemporary military doctrine. Military historians cite low morale and high deserationrates among those troops that Clark deployed with the launch of the U.S. Fifth Army's assault up the center of the Apennines between Florence and Bologna.

Finally Clark and other U.S. commanders, facing failure as the Gothic Line offensive stalled, relented and in December 1944 the 10th Mountain Division infantry arrived in Tuscany in the western part of the Apennines. They would go on to play a decisive role in breaking through German mountain-top artillery that had earlier slaughtered hundreds of American and Brazilian troops trying to break through the Gothic Line.

Ultimately, the 10th Mountain Division would not only break through the Gothic Line at a pace much faster than expected but would arrive in the Po Valley and then at the foot of the Alps when WW II in Europe ended in May 1945. They had achieved every objective assigned to them but at a cost. Of the approximately 20,000 10th Mountain Division soldiers that arrived on the front lines in Italy in December more than 1,000 soldiers were killed and approximately 3,900 were injured in six months.