The two-fingered sign that he kept refuting cost him his life
A man lived for about six years in a dugout pressed into the frozen ground above the Arctic Circle, on bread and water, and finished a book there that Tolstoy and Dostoevsky would later read. He had already been exiled once, beaten, shipwrecked in Siberian rapids, and formally declared separated from the body of Christ by the assembled patriarchs of the Orthodox world — and he answered by anathematizing them back. What could the state possibly still be waiting for, all those years later, before it finally decided his words could not be allowed to exist?
In this episode, we follow Avvakum Petrov from a provincial Russian priesthood through Siberian exile, a council trial, and years of imprisonment in an Arctic pit, asking what made a single hand gesture and the sentences one man wrote about it dangerous enough for an empire to burn him for.
Person: Avvakum Petrov
Location: Pustozersk, on the Pechora River, above the Arctic Circle
Date: April 14, 1682
Case: the dvoeperstie, the two-fingered sign of the cross
Status: burned alive at Pustozersk
- Nikon became Patriarch of Moscow in 1652 and, between 1653 and 1656, replaced the two-fingered cross with the three-fingered troeperstie, along with new vestments and revised liturgical texts
- Avvakum was exiled to Tobolsk and then to Dauria near the Chinese border in 1653, not returning to Moscow for eleven years; two of his sons died on that journey
- In 1666, the Great Moscow Synod anathematized Avvakum after he denounced the reforms before the Ecumenical Council of Patriarchs
- From 1667 he was held at Pustozersk with three companions, Lazar, Fyodor, and Epifany, whose tongues and fingers were reportedly cut off to stop them from speaking
- Between 1669 and 1675, on bread and water, Avvakum wrote The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum, Written by Himself, which circulated in handwritten copies for 179 years before its first printing in 1861
- The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia canonized Avvakum as a saint in 1981; the official Russian Orthodox Church has not
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