As white southerners increasingly sought more land to expand the system of plantation slavery across the southern frontier, violence between whites and Indigenous populations intensified in the decades following American Independence. In the borderland of Spanish Florida, a growing number of displaced Native Americans and escaped enslaved people found a multiracial world that offered the perfect conditions for the emergence of the so-called “Negro Fort.”

Hosts: Sebastian Garcia and John Lancaster.

Featuring: Matthew Clavin, Jane Landers, Nathaniel Millett, and F. Evan Nooe.

Voice Actors: Kevin Garcia, Brooks Nuzum, and Maddy Poston.

Music by Pixabay artists.

Researched, Written, and Edited by Sebastian Garcia and John Lancaster.

Please help us make our show more discoverable for others by leaving a rating and review on Apple, Spotify, or wherever you listen to podcasts.

The Memory of Negro Fort Podcast is produced by UCF graduate history students Sebastian Garcia and John Lancaster and hosted by the UCF Center for Humanities and Digital Research, with additional support from a gift that was made as an extension of the American Historical Association's Sinclair Workshops for Historical Podcasting.

Further Reading:

Clavin, Matthew. The Battle of Negro Fort: The Rise and Fall of a Fugitive Slave Community. New York University Press, 2019.

Landers, Jane. Black Society in Spanish Florida. University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Millett, Nathaniel. The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World. University Press of Florida, 2013.

Nooe, F. Evan. Aggression and Sufferings: Settler Violence, Native Resistance, and the Coalescence of the Old South. University of Alabama Press, 2024.

Nora, Pierre. "Between Memory and History." In Realms of Memory, The Construction of the French Past, Volume I: Conflicts and Divisions, translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Columbia University Press, 1996.

Primary Sources:

Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State, April 29, 1797, https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn82015220/1797-04-29/ed-1/seq-2/.

Columbian Museum & Savannah Advertiser, April 25, 1797, https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn82014741/1797-04-25/ed-1/seq-3/.

The Papers of Andrew Jackson, 1804-1813, edited by Harold D. Moser and Sharon Macpherson. University of Tennessee Press, 1984, https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=utk_jackson.

"Petition of Mary Brown to the Speaker and Representatives in General Assembly [of Georgia]," 1797, Telamon Cuyler, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, The University of Georgia Libraries, presented in the Digital Library of Georgia, https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_zlna_tcc016?canvas=0&x=400&y=400&w=1845.