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  • Tibet's 1904 British Invasion: The Younghusband Mission and the Treaty of Lhasa

    Tibet's 1904 British Invasion: The Younghusband Mission and the Treaty of Lhasa
    2026/07/21
    In 1904, a British military expedition led by Colonel Francis Younghusband marched into Tibet, fighting through the Chumbi Valley to reach Lhasa. This episode explores the causes and consequences of the Younghusband Mission, including the bloody Battle of Guru, the Tibetan resistance led by the 9th Panchen Lama, and the Treaty of Lhasa that opened Tibet to British trade. We also examine the role of the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, who fled to Mongolia, and the tensions between Britain, Russia, and the Qing Empire in the Great Game. How did this invasion reshape Tibet's relations with the outside world, and what were the long-term effects on Tibetan sovereignty? #YounghusbandMission #1904BritishInvasion #ChumbiValley #TreatyOfLhasa #GreatGame #13thDalaiLama #ThubtenGyatso #9thPanchenLama #BattleOfGuru #FrancisYounghusband #TibetHistory #BritishEmpire #RussianEmpire #QingDynasty #Gyantse #TibetanResistance #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    6 分
  • Tibet's 1788 War with the Gurkhas: The First Invasion of Tashilhunpo

    Tibet's 1788 War with the Gurkhas: The First Invasion of Tashilhunpo
    2026/07/21
    In 1788, Gurkha forces from Nepal invaded Tibet, seizing border fortresses and marching on Tashilhunpo Monastery. This episode unpacks the geopolitical crisis that preceded the better-known 1792 Qing-Gurkha War. We look at the Gurkha king Rana Bahadur Shah and his commander-in-chief Damodar Pande, the Tibetan amban and Kashag's failed diplomacy, and the Panchen Lama's role in a ransom that bought time. The war exposed the Ganden Phodrang's military weakness and set the stage for the Qing intervention led by Fuk'anggan four years later. We also examine the contested accounts—some Tibetan sources say the Gurkhas sacked the monastery, while others describe a negotiated withdrawal. This is the forgotten first act of a conflict that reshaped Tibet's borders and its relationship with its Himalayan neighbours. #Tibet #GurkhaWar #Tashilhunpo #PanchenLama #LobsangPaldenYeshe #RanaBahadurShah #DamodarPande #amban #Kashag #GandenPhodrang #Fuk'anggan #1788 #Nepal #Himalayas #QingDynasty #History #FexingoHistory #EastAsia Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    6 分
  • Tibet's 1950 Battle of Chamdo and the Fall of the Ganden Phodrang

    Tibet's 1950 Battle of Chamdo and the Fall of the Ganden Phodrang
    2026/07/20
    In October 1950, as the People's Liberation Army advanced on Tibet, the last stand of the Tibetan army at Chamdo marked the beginning of the end for the Ganden Phodrang government. This episode explores the Battle of Chamdo: the Tibetan commander Ngabö Ngawang Jigme's desperate defense, the role of the Chamdo Tax Commission and local militia, the strategic failure of the Tibetan army's British-trained 'New Model' units, and the political fallout that forced the 14th Dalai Lama's regent to flee. We also examine the secret negotiations led by the Chinese side's Wang Qimei and the eventual 17-Point Agreement. Fresh angle: the forgotten story of the Chamdo garrison's last stand and how a single battle reshaped Tibet's modern history. #BattleofChamdo #NgaböNgawangJigme #WangQimei #TibetArmy #17PointAgreement #GandenPhodrang #14thDalaiLama #PLATibet #Chamdo #TibetanMilitia #NewModelArmy #Tibet1950 #LobsangTashi #TibetanResistance #MaoZedong #EastAsia #MilitaryHistory #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 分
  • Tibet's 1729 Qing Garrison: The Ambans Who Ruled from Lhasa

    Tibet's 1729 Qing Garrison: The Ambans Who Ruled from Lhasa
    2026/07/20
    After the 1728 civil war that brought Polhané Sönam Tobgyé to power, the Yongzheng Emperor established a permanent Qing military and political presence in Lhasa. This episode traces the origins of the ambans — the imperial residents who would represent Beijing in Tibet for over a century. We explore the first resident commissioner, Zhou Ying, who arrived with 2,000 troops and built the amban's yamen near the Potala. The ambans had the power to approve or depose Dalai Lamas, oversee foreign relations, and command garrisons at Lhasa, Shigatse, and Chamdo. But they also navigated the delicate balance between Qing directives and local Gelug authority, often deferring to Polhané's dominance. We examine how the ambans shaped Tibet's governance until the system collapsed in 1912, and why their legacy remains controversial in modern Tibetan historiography. The episode also touches on the Yongzheng Emperor's strategic motives, including countering Dzungar influence and securing the caravan routes to Nepal and India. #Amban #TibetHistory #QingDynasty #Polhané #Yongzheng #Lhasa #PotalaPalace #GandenPhodrang #ZhouYing #Dzungar #TibetanArmy #Kashag #1729 #Shigatse #Chamdo #EastAsia #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 分
  • Tibet's 1913 Throne Letter to the Viceroy of India

    Tibet's 1913 Throne Letter to the Viceroy of India
    2026/07/19
    In 1913, as the Qing dynasty collapsed and the dust of the Xinhai Revolution settled, the 13th Dalai Lama — Thubten Gyatso — sat in exile in Darjeeling. From there, he penned a remarkable letter to Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy of India, declaring Tibet a fully independent state and requesting recognition from the British Empire. This episode unpacks that letter: what it said, the geopolitical context that produced it, and whether it was a genuine bid for sovereignty or a calculated diplomatic move in the Great Game. We examine the 13th Dalai Lama's earlier flight to British India during the 1904 Younghusband expedition, his gradual disillusionment with both Qing and British intentions, and the tangled negotiations at the Simla Convention of 1913–14. Through the letter's own words — its claims of historical suzerainty, its invocation of the Treaty of Lhasa and the Anglo-Chinese Convention — we trace Tibet's brief window of de facto independence between 1912 and 1951. Featuring the Chefoo Convention, the McMahon Line, and the shadow of the Chinese Republic. #Tibet #13thDalaiLama #SimlaConvention #BritishEmpire #GreatGame #XinhaiRevolution #1913 #Darjeeling #McMahonLine #Younghusband #TreatyOfLhasa #Sovereignty #ThubtenGyatso #LordHardinge #History #FexingoHistory #EastAsia #Diplomacy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 分
  • The Mongol Invasion of Tibet: 1240 Sack of Rva-sgreng Monastery

    The Mongol Invasion of Tibet: 1240 Sack of Rva-sgreng Monastery
    2026/07/19
    In 1240, a Mongol army under the general Doorda Darkhan swept into central Tibet, sacking the Rva-sgreng Monastery and killing hundreds of monks. This episode examines the first major Mongol incursion into Tibet, the political fragmentation of the Sakya and Drigung sects, and the figure of Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen, who would later negotiate Tibet's submission to the Mongols. We explore the strategic calculations of both sides: the Mongols seeking to control trade routes and Buddhist influence, the Tibetans divided between resistance and diplomacy. The conversation also touches on the role of the Drigung Kagyu, the Sakya hegemony, and the long-term consequences for Tibetan autonomy. The hosts discuss the 1240 campaign alongside the later 1244 invitation of Sakya Pandita to the court of Godan Khan, setting the stage for the Sakya-Mongol alliance that reshaped Tibetan history. #1240MongolInvasion #RvaSgrengMonastery #SakyaPandita #DrigungKagyu #GodanKhan #DoordaDarkhan #TibetanHistory #MongolEmpire #TibetanBuddhism #SakyaHegemony #13thCentury #EastAsia #FexingoHistory #History #MedievalHistory #BuddhistMonasteries #TibetanAutonomy #MongolCampaigns Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 分
  • Tibet's 836 Anti-Buddhist Purge: King Langdarma's Dark Reign

    Tibet's 836 Anti-Buddhist Purge: King Langdarma's Dark Reign
    2026/07/18
    In this episode of The History of Tibet, Lucas and Luna delve into one of the most controversial periods in Tibetan history: the reign of King Langdarma in the 9th century. Known as the 'anti-Buddhist' king, Langdarma is said to have persecuted monks, destroyed monasteries, and banned Buddhist practices, leading to the collapse of the Tibetan Empire. But how much of this story is historical fact versus later propaganda? We examine the sources—from the Old Tibetan Annals to later Buddhist chronicles—and explore the political and religious context of his rule. Learn about the assassination of Langdarma by the monk Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje, the ensuing civil war, and the fragmentation of Tibet into small kingdoms. We also discuss the legacy of this era, which paved the way for the 'second dissemination' of Buddhism in Tibet. This episode features key figures like King Tri Ralpachen, the Buddhist king preceding Langdarma, and the translator Yeshe De. We also touch on the significance of the Samye Monastery and the Bon religion. A nuanced look at a dark chapter that shaped Tibet's spiritual identity. #Tibet #History #FexingoHistory #Langdarma #AntiBuddhistPurge #TibetanEmpire #LhalungPelgyiDorje #TriRalpachen #SamyeMonastery #Bon #OldTibetanAnnals #BuddhistPersecution #9thCentury #EastAsia #TibetanHistory #ReligiousConflict #Assassination #Fragmentation Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分
  • Tibet's 1920s Modernization Crisis: The 13th Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Army

    Tibet's 1920s Modernization Crisis: The 13th Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Army
    2026/07/18
    This episode explores the 13th Dalai Lama's ambitious modernization drive in the 1920s, a time when Tibet tried to build a modern military and education system while fending off both British and Chinese influence. Lucas and Luna discuss the formation of the Tibetan Army under the command of the Dalai Lama's British-trained brother, the founding of the first Tibetan telegraph and postal systems, and the controversial 'New Education' program that sent Tibetan students abroad, only to spark a conservative backlash. Key figures include the 13th Dalai Lama (Thubten Gyatso), his brother Tsarong Shapé, British agent Charles Bell, and the conservative abbot Phabongkha Rinpoche. The episode examines why modernization ultimately failed to take root in pre-1950s Tibet, setting the stage for later conflicts. #13thDalaiLama #ThubtenGyatso #Tsarong #CharlesBell #Phabongkha #TibetanArmy #Modernization #1920s #Lhasa #BritishEmpire #TibetanEducation #Telegraph #GandenPhodrang #Kashag #MonasticConservatism #TibetanHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分