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  • Chile's 1973 Copper Nationalisation: Allende's Economic Gamble

    Chile's 1973 Copper Nationalisation: Allende's Economic Gamble
    2026/06/06
    In this episode of The History of Chile, Lucas and Luna dive into Salvador Allende's sweeping nationalisation of Chile's copper mines in 1971-1973. They explore the history of Chilean copper, from the early concessions to U.S. firms like Anaconda and Kennecott, through the 'Chilenisation' under Eduardo Frei, to the full nationalisation approved unanimously by Congress in July 1971. The conversation touches on the legal manoeuvring around 'excess profits,' the reaction from Washington and the mining companies, the economic impact of falling copper prices, and how this policy became a flashpoint in the Cold War. They also discuss the role of copper in Chilean sovereignty and the debate over whether nationalisation was the tipping point that led to the 1973 coup. #Chile #Copper #Allende #Nationalisation #1971 #Anaconda #Kennecott #Chilenisation #Frei #ColdWar #USIntervention #ITC #ExcessProfits #LaMoneda #Socialism #Mining #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    10 分
  • Chile's 1973 Tanquetazo: The Tank Rebellion That Foretold a Coup

    Chile's 1973 Tanquetazo: The Tank Rebellion That Foretold a Coup
    2026/06/05
    On June 29, 1973, a regiment of Chilean army tanks rolled into the streets of Santiago, opening fire on La Moneda palace and triggering a violent standoff that would foreshadow the military coup just two months later. In this episode, Lucas and Luna examine the Tanquetazo, the failed uprising led by Lieutenant Colonel Roberto Souper against President Salvador Allende's socialist government. They explore the political chaos of 1973, the role of the Patria y Libertad far-right paramilitary group, General Augusto Pinochet's ambiguous loyalty during the attack, and how Allende's decision to appoint Pinochet as army commander-in-chief days later sealed his fate. The conversation also touches on the wider context of Cold War polarization, US covert operations, and the resilience of the Carabineros who defended the palace. A pivotal moment that turned a fragile democracy into a dictatorship. #Tanquetazo #SalvadorAllende #RobertoSouper #Chile1973 #PatriayLibertad #LaMoneda #AugustoPinochet #ColdWar #ChileanCoup #Carabineros #UnidadPopular #MilitaryUprising #Santiago #SouthAmerica #History #FexingoHistory #Dictatorship #Democracy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分
  • Chile's 1978 Operation Soberania: The Beagle Channel Standoff

    Chile's 1978 Operation Soberania: The Beagle Channel Standoff
    2026/06/05
    In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna delve into Operation Soberanía, the secret plan by Augusto Pinochet's Chile to invade Argentina over the Beagle Channel islands. The conflict nearly erupted into a full-scale war between the two dictatorships, but was ultimately averted by the mediation of Pope John Paul II. We trace the origins of the dispute back to the 1881 boundary treaty, the discovery of oil in the region, and the brinkmanship that brought armies to the border. We also explore the role of the Falklands War, which reshaped Argentina's priorities, and how the peace treaty of 1984 ended the standoff. A chilling moment in Cold War Latin American history, where ideology and nationalism nearly collided on the icy waters of the southern cone. Join us for a gripping account of diplomacy, military threats, and papal intervention. #History #FexingoHistory #Chile #Argentina #BeagleChannel #OperationSoberania #AugustoPinochet #JorgeVidela #PopeJohnPaulII #FalklandsWar #ColdWar #SouthAmerica #TierraDelFuego #Sovereignty #TreatyOf1881 #MilitaryHistory #Diplomacy #Patagonia Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    6 分
  • Chile's 1810 First National Government Junta: The Road to Independence Begins

    Chile's 1810 First National Government Junta: The Road to Independence Begins
    2026/06/04
    In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the pivotal events of September 18, 1810, when Chile's First National Government Junta was established in Santiago. They discuss the causes, including the Napoleonic invasion of Spain and the resulting power vacuum in the Spanish Empire. The conversation covers key figures like Mateo de Toro y Zambrano, Juan Martínez de Rozas, and José Miguel Carrera, as well as the tensions between separatists (exaltados) and moderates (moderados). Lucas explains the significance of the Cabildo Abierto (open town hall meeting) and the immediate steps taken by the junta, such as opening trade and establishing relations with Buenos Aires. They also note the controversy over whether this junta was truly an act of independence or a temporary measure. The episode ends by connecting this event to the subsequent Chilean War of Independence. #ChileanIndependence #FirstNationalJunta #MateoDeToro #JuanMartínezDeRozas #JoséMiguelCarrera #CabildoAbierto #September1810 #NapoleonicWars #SpanishEmpire #RevoluciónChilena #SantiagoDeChile #HistoryOfChile #SouthAmerica #PatriaVieja #FernandoVII #exaltados #moderados #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分
  • Chile's 1978 Caravana de la Muerte: The Army's Killing Mission

    Chile's 1978 Caravana de la Muerte: The Army's Killing Mission
    2026/06/04
    In early October 1973, days after the coup that toppled Salvador Allende, a helicopter-borne army commando unit led by General Sergio Arellano Stark embarked on a secret mission through northern and southern Chile. Over two weeks, they executed at least 26 political prisoners in cold blood, from Copiapó to Puerto Aysén, bypassing local military commanders and overriding legal proceedings. This episode traces the Caravana de la Muerte, the death caravan that left a trail of bodies from Calama to Linares, and examines its legal aftermath, including the extradition efforts against Arellano Stark in the 2000s. We discuss the role of General Augusto Pinochet, the silence of the army, and how the crimes were finally prosecuted after the return of democracy. Key figures include Arellano Stark, his aide-de-camp Marcelo Moren Brito, and victims like the former Intendente of Antofagasta, Carlos Enriquez. The conversation also touches on the broader pattern of state terror in the early dictatorship and the long fight for justice by families and human rights lawyers. #Chile #CaravanaDeLaMuerte #SergioArellanoStark #Pinochet #History #FexingoHistory #HumanRights #Dictatorship #Chile1973 #MilitaryJunta #OperationCaravana #StateTerror #Justice #MarceloMorenBrito #Calama #Antofagasta #SouthAmerica #TrueCrimeHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 分
  • Chile's 1978 Operation Soberanía: The Standoff with Argentina

    Chile's 1978 Operation Soberanía: The Standoff with Argentina
    2026/06/03
    In 1978, Chile and Argentina came terrifyingly close to war over three tiny islands in the Beagle Channel. This episode unpacks the century-old border dispute, the secret military preparations for Operation Soberanía, the role of Pope John Paul II as mediator, and how the Falklands War shifted the balance. We explore the strategic importance of Picton, Lennox, and Nueva islands, the naval maneuvers in the frigid southern waters, and the quiet diplomacy that averted catastrophe. Join Lucas and Luna as they delve into a forgotten flashpoint of Cold War Latin America, where two dictatorships nearly collided over a barren archipelago. #OperationSoberanía #BeagleChannel #ChileArgentina #AugustoPinochet #JorgeVidela #JohnPaulII #FalklandsWar #PictonLennoxNueva #TreatyOf1881 #ColdWar #LatinAmerica #History #FexingoHistory #SouthAmerica #Dispute #NavalHistory #Diplomacy #WarAndPeace Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    5 分
  • Chile's 1541 Founding of Santiago: The Mapuche Fight Back

    Chile's 1541 Founding of Santiago: The Mapuche Fight Back
    2026/06/03
    This episode goes back to the very beginning of Spanish Chile: the 1541 founding of Santiago by Pedro de Valdivia, and the immediate, violent resistance from the indigenous Mapuche people. We explore Valdivia's expedition from Cusco, the role of his partner Inés de Suárez, the desperate early days of the settlement, and the massive Mapuche attack led by Michimalonco that almost wiped out the colony. We also discuss the encomienda system imposed on the Mapuche, the strategic importance of the Mapocho River, and the cunning way Valdivia used the threat of destruction to secure reinforcements from Peru. The episode highlights how the Mapuche resistance, which would continue for centuries, began on the very day Santiago was founded. #Chile #Mapuche #PedroDeValdivia #Santiago #Michimalonco #InesDeSuarez #AraucoWar #SpanishConquest #Encomienda #MapochoRiver #Cusco #Peru #1541 #IndigenousResistance #History #FexingoHistory #LatinAmerica #ColonialHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 分
  • Chile's 1891 Civil War: Congress vs President Balmaceda

    Chile's 1891 Civil War: Congress vs President Balmaceda
    2026/06/02
    In 1891, Chile erupted into a brutal civil war that pitted the National Congress against President José Manuel Balmaceda. This episode explores the economic tensions over nitrate wealth, the role of the Chilean Navy in backing Congress, the decisive battles of Concón and Placilla, and the tragic suicide of Balmaceda in the Argentine embassy. We also look at the aftermath: the establishment of the Parliamentary Republic, a period of oligarchic rule that lasted until 1925. Key figures include Balmaceda, Captain Jorge Montt, and the US intervention via the USS Baltimore. A lesser-known conflict that shaped modern Chile. #Chile1891 #CivilWar #Balmaceda #JorgeMontt #Concón #Placilla #Nitrate #ParliamentaryRepublic #ChileanNavy #USS Baltimore #Iquique #Valparaíso #Oligarchy #SouthAmerica #History #FexingoHistory #ChileanHistory #PoliticalCrisis Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分