The Eternal Night: Homosexuality and the Sin of Azunai in Ancient Japanese Myth
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Long before the celebrated traditions of Buddhist monastic nanshoku or samurai wakashudō, Japan's founding chronicle, the Nihon Shoki, recorded a very different kind of story: two Shinto priests, Shinu no Hafuri and Amano no Hafuri, buried together after one died of grief following the other's death — an act the eighth-century text frames not as devotion, but as a sin serious enough to darken the sky. This episode traces the story from its origins in Book Nine of the Nihon Shoki through its twentieth-century rediscovery by folklorist Iwata Jun'ichi, who made it a foundation stone of queer Japanese history, and the scholarly pushback that has complicated his reading ever since — along with a look at the gender-fluid kami Inari, and a correction of a common myth about the shirabyōshi.
References
- Aston, W. G., translator. Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1896. Wikisource, en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_IX.
- Borevitz, Brad. "The Discourse on 'Love Between Men' in Interwar Japan: Iwata's History of Homosexuality." onetwothree.net, Mar. 1993, onetwothree.net/writing/discourse-love-between-men-interwar-japan-iwatas-history-homosexuality.
- Conner, Randy P., David Hatfield Sparks, and Mariya Sparks. Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore. Cassell, 1997.
- Leupp, Gary P. Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press, 1995.
- Murray, Stephen O. Homosexualities. University of Chicago Press, 2000.
- "Shirabyōshi." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirabyōshi. Accessed 7 Sept. 2026.
- Smyers, Karen A. The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship. University of Hawai'i Press, 1999.
Image credit: KENPEI. (2008, December 20). Niutsuhime-jinja dai2-3honden [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Niutsuhime-jinja_dai2-3honden.jpg.