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That's So Second Millennium

That's So Second Millennium

著者： Paul Giesting William Schmitt
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Taking science AND faith seriously.Copyright 2020 Paul Giesting and William Schmitt キリスト教 スピリチュアリティ 地球科学 心理学 心理学・心の健康 科学 聖職・福音主義 衛生・健康的な生活
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  • Popes 2B - Dominic

    Popes 2B - Dominic
    2026/10/18
    Image: St. Dominic at prayer by El Greco. https://www.artchive.com/artwork/st-dominic-praying-el-greco-c-1588-spain/ St. Dominic 1170 - 1221 Here I take up the opportunity offered by Francis and John Paul I and suggest a name that I believe is quite ripe for the picking to be added to the list of papal names. Remarkable points from the Catholic Encyclopedia: • Dominic was from a saintly family and a younger brother, Manes, joined the Dominican order. • He studied for ten years at the University of Palencia. • At a very young age he was recruited to help the Bishop of Osma reform his cathedral chapter. • He stumbled into the Albigensians in southern France when he was sent as part of an embassy to court a Danish (?) princess on behalf of Prince Ferdinand of Castile. • She died while en route back to Castile and this left Dominic at loose ends. He thus began working to confront the Albigensians with preaching and personal sanctity. • The Cistercians had been entrusted with this mission, but were too worldly in that epoch. • Preaching to women was a key part of this effort and led Dominic to establish a female order early on. • A Simon de Montfort (remember that this was the early 13th century and the Norman kings of England still ruled much of southwest France) went on crusade after one of the Cistercian leaders was assassinated in 1208. For all that Dominic himself did not engage in violence he cooperated with Simon and was thought of very highly by that captain. • The connection with the rosary seems to be indirect. Dominic was praying for a successful outcome to the battle of Muret, which in fact went miraculously well and Simon dedicated a chapel in the church where Dominic had been praying dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary, showing that the rosary was already known. • Dominic did not found the Inquisition and may never have been part of it. It was active in the Albigensian area (associated with the Cistercians?) already in 1198, while Dominic was still a canon living in virtual seclusion in Osma. • Dominic refused many elections as bishop and said he would run away in the night rather than accept. • He attended the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), which had the same "pastoral" focus that Dominic had, but was opposed to establishing any new religious orders and particularly any new Rules. Dominic had the backing of a local bishop and so for a time the Dominicans were limited to the diocese of Toulouse under Bishop Foulques, and they used the Rule of St Augustine (an intriguing point at present). He was then able to get papal approval in 1216, the year after the Council closed, essentially as a branch of the Augustinians. • He was the Lenten preacher to the Curia in 1217. • Dominic, whose university education had been invaluable for over a decade in preaching and debating Albigensians, wanted the same benefit for his friars and sent "Matthew of France" and two brothers to the University of Paris--so this connection goes back, indirectly, to Dominic himself. He also sent Dominicans to the University of Bologna. • Dominic spent the next few years on constant visitation, traveling from Rome to Spain and back, founding friaries and convents along the way. • The Dominicans took up Pope Honorius' invitation to preach against heresy in Lombardy. This was Dominic's final great project, and shortly afterward he died. The case for a Pope Dominic: The name Dominic represents the highest standard of intellectual achievement alongside fervent faith, asceticism, and persuasive preaching. A pope taking this name could look to emphasize any of these facets of his life and legacy. More discussion from Magisterium AI: "St Dominic (Dominic of Caleruega, or Guzmán) was born in Castile around 1170 and died in Bologna on 6 August 1221. The broad outline of his life is well established, though many colorful details—especially stories of visions and miracles—come from devotional accounts and should be distinguished from the firmer historical record. Pope Benedict XVI summarizes his defining vocation as a life devoted to prayer, preaching, and the salvation of souls. 1 2 Dominic studied at Palencia, where he became known for his learning and concern for the poor; a famous account says he sold his books during a famine to help those in need. He later served as a canon and then prior at Osma. On journeys with Bishop Diego of Osma, he encountered the religious crisis in southern France and committed himself to preaching there. He preached by word and by an austere example of life; Alban Butler’s account emphasizes that his methods against heresy were instruction, patience, prayer, and penance—not violence. 1 2 3 4 Around this mission, Dominic gathered a community of preachers. The Order of Preachers—later known as the Dominicans—received papal confirmation in 1216. Dominic sent friars to ...
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    51 分
  • Popes 2A - John Paul

    Popes 2A - John Paul
    2026/10/12
    John Paul I: This is an image from the Nationaal Archief, the Dutch National Archives, and Spaarnestad Photo, donated to Wikimedia in the context of a partnership program. John Paul II: https://audrey-shark.blogspot.com John Paul I [Albino Luciani] 1978 John Paul II [Karol Wojtyla] 1978-2005 From Claude: Here are the conclaves since 1900, with length counted inclusively from the first day of voting to the day the pope was elected: Year Pope elected Dates Days Ballots 1903 Pius X Jul 31 – Aug 4 5 7 1914 Benedict XV Aug 31 – Sep 3 4 10 1922 Pius XI Feb 2 – 6 5 14 1939 Pius XII Mar 1 – 2 2 3 1958 John XXIII Oct 25 – 28 4 11 1963 Paul VI Jun 19 – 21 3 6 Aug 1978 John Paul I Aug 25 – 26 2 4 Oct 1978 John Paul II Oct 14 – 16 3 8 2005 Benedict XVI Apr 18 – 19 2 4 2013 Francis Mar 12 – 13 2 5 2025 Leo XIV May 7 – 8 2 4 This is from memory, and I haven't checked it against a source. The dates and ballot counts for the modern conclaves are well documented. The counts for the early ones, especially 1903 and 1914, can differ by a ballot or so between sources, because records of older conclaves are less precise. Day counts also depend on whether you count inclusively, as I did, or count the nights elapsed. The 1922 conclave was the longest of the period at 14 ballots, and 1939 the shortest at 3. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ From vatican.va: HIGHLIGHTS OF THE LIFE OF HIS HOLINESS JOHN PAUL I 1912, 17 October Born at "Forno di Canale" (Belluno), (actually at Canale d'Argordo), son of Giovanni Luciani and Bortola Tancon; was baptized the same day at home, by the midwife, as he was in danger of death. 19 October Baptism was formalized in the Church by the curate, Don Achille Ronzon. 1918 October Began elementary school. 1919 26 September Was confirmed by Bishop Giosuè Cattarossi. 1923 October Entered the minor seminary in Feltre. 1928 October Entered the Gregorian Seminary at Belluno. 1934 Ordained as sub-deacon. 1935 2 February Ordained as deacon. 7 July Ordained to the priesthood at St. Peter's Church of Belluno. 9 July Named curate of the parish at Canale d'Agordo. 18 December Transferred as curate of Agordo and named instructor of religion at the Technical Institute for Miners in Agordo. 1937 July Named vice-rector of the Gregorian Seminary in Belluno (1937-1947). October Began his service as instructor. 1947 27 February Graduated from the Gregorian University in Rome with a doctorate in Sacred Theology, his thesis being, "The origin of the human soul according to Antonio Rosmini". November Nominated chancellor of the diocese of Belluno by Bishop Girolamo Bortignon. 16 December Nominated Monsignor. Nominated Secretary of the Diocescan Synod. 1948 2 February Nominated Pro Vicar-General of the diocese of Belluno. Nominated Director of the Catechetics Office of the Diocese. 1949 December Published Catechetica in briciole. 1950 March Published his doctoral thesis. 1954 6 February Nominated Vicar-General of the Diocese of Belluno. 1956 30 June Nominated Canon of the Cathedral. 1958 15 December Named Bishop of Vittorio Veneto by Pope John XXIII. 27 December Consecrated Bishop by John XXIII at St. Peter's Basilica together with the newly consecrated bishops, Gioacchino Muccin and Girolamo Bortignon. 1959 11 January Took possession of the diocese of Vittorio Veneto 17 June Began his pastoral visit. 1962 8 October - 8 December Was present for the opening of the Vatican Council II in Rome; returning to his diocese only for a few days. 1963 28 September - 4 December Returns to Rome for the 2nd Session of the Vatican Council II; returning to his diocese only for a few days. 1964 13 September - 21 November Returns to Rome for the 3rd Session of the Vatican Council II. 1965 13 September - 9 December Returns to Rome for the 4th Session of the Vatican Council II. 1966 16 August - 2 September Traveled to Burundi on mission for the diocese of Vittorio Veneto. 1969 15 December Named Patriarch of Venice by Pope Paul VI . 1970 1 February Received honorary citizenship of Vittorio Veneto. 8 February Officially entered the City of Venice as Patriarch. 25 October Began his pastoral visit. 1971 12-14 June Made a pastoral visit to Switzerland, returning by way of Savoy. 28 September - 5 November Participated in the II Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in Rome regarding "The Ministerial Priesthood and Justice in the World", returning to his diocese from 23 to 31 of October. 1972 12-17 June Was elected Vice President of the Italian Bishops Conference, holding this position until 2 June 1975. 16 September Received Pope Paul VI in visit to Venice. 1973 5 March Created Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. 1974 27 September - 26 October Participated in the III Ordinary General Assembly in Rome of the Synod of Bishops regarding "Evangelization in the Modern World". 1975 18 May Traveled on Pastoral Visit to Germany. 6-21 November Completed a Pastoral Visit to Brasil ...
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    45 分
  • Popes 1D - Paul

    Popes 1D - Paul
    2026/09/30
    St Paul I [brother: Stephen II] 757-767 Paul II [Pietro Barbo] 1464-1471 Paul III [Alessandro Farnese] 1534-1549 Paul IV [Giovanni Caraffa] 1555-1559 Paul V [Camillo Borghese] 1605-1621 St Paul VI [Giovanni Montini] 1963-1978 St. Paul I: brother to Pope Stephen II and succeeded him--the sort of thing that could happen in the premodern era. This was the era of Pepin the Frank, where the Frankish kingdom had just become the papacy's welcome bulwark against the conquests of the Lombards and the intrigues of the Byzantines, who also wished to take back control of as much of Italy as possible; at the end of the century this would lead to the crowning of Constantine as Western Emperor and the final decline of Byzantine influence, although the Lombard dukes would take longer to diminish in importance. Pope Paul I had a reputation for honor and personal sanctity which were still common in that era. Paul II: elected in the fifteenth century recovery and Roman Renaissance period following the Avignon period and the schism and wild experimental councils that ended it. His uncle was Pope Eugene II and apparently he became a priest after his uncle's election. Paul II was a big spender on building projects (probably still needed at the time), carnivals and festivals, and was a supporter of the arts. However, he also found it necessary to reign in some of the more ardent Renaissance figures of his day and closed something called the Roman Academy for its excesses toward paganism and moral turpitude. He made efforts, building on the conciliar period at the beginning of the century, to bring Russia into communion with Rome and to combat the Turks who had just conquered Constantinople; these big ideas and initiatives were, sadly, not successful. The Ottomans continued expanding for centuries to come and Russia is still very much in schism with Rome. Paul III: An aristocrat of the Farnese family, educated at Rome and Florence; knew Leo X from their youth in Florence. He was a cardinal from age 25 until his election as Pope at age 66, a period embracing the excesses of Popes Alexander and Julius/Julian and the beginning of Luther's disturbances. He was enormously influential between his intellect, education, wealth, time in the Sacred College, and diplomatic skill. Finally he was elected Pope in a time of turmoil, less than 20 years after Luther's 95 theses. By that point he was old and respected and past some questionable periods in his youth. Apparently Paul saw immediately that a new general council was needed to address the outbreak of Protestantism, but his efforts to get one started were thwarted by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's attempts to hammer out vague agreements that everyone could accept, and even more so by the power politics of the French under Francois I. He wanted the Holy Roman Empire divided and weakened, and did not care if heresy was the means to that end. In that light it is not surprising that he persecuted Protestants harshly within France itself. This became a recurring French policy and would culminate in the Thirty Years' War that devastated and practically ended the Holy Roman Empire as a united country. Pope Paul was not immune to concerns about the excessive power of the Holy Roman Emperors who had mistreated so many of his predecessors, Gregory VII in particular, but in this he may have been short-sighted; his family were traditional Guelphs who supported the Popes politically against the Emperors. In any case Paul III did get the Council of Trent started and, like Pope John XXIII, did see its initial sessions. Against Charles V's desires, they immediately set to work on some of the key issues regarding original sin, justification, and the sacraments. Meanwhile Pope Paul had begun many reforms of the Curia and Church discipline on his own initiative that after his death were taken up by the Council. He supported many of the new religious orders springing up in this era. Many see Paul III as a Pope of towering importance for the history of the Church. Paul IV: Born of a Neapolitan noble family, brought into the Church by his uncle Cardinal Ottavino, but very attracted by the discipline of religious life. He, too, knew Leo X and was sent on diplomatic missions in his pontificate. Cardinal Giovanni, later Paul IV, eventually became a member of the priestly order set up by St. Cajetan. Because Giovanni was Bishop of Chieti, Theate in Latin, and because he was first general of the order, they became known as Theatines--a remarkably indirect reason. Protestant brigands sacked Rome in 1527 and the Theatines suffered greatly and went away to Venice for a few years, but Paul III believed they were needed in Rome and brought them back. Paul III made the future Paul IV a cardinal and employed him in reforming the Curia and in the Inquisition in Italy, where he was very strict if not harsh. Paul IV was very old at his election as pope and quite surprised by it. Legend has it that he might ...
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    54 分
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