『Superposed』のカバーアート

Superposed

Superposed

著者： Aidan Lewis
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Every decision exists in superposition — multiple outcomes, all possible, until you choose. But how do you know which decision to make? Superposed applies quantum cognition — an emerging framework that uses quantum mechanics principles to explain how humans make decisions — to history's most consequential choices. Learn from this deeper perspective on how political, business, and scientific leaders have made the decisions that effect our everyday lives to gain a sharper mental model for the decisions you face today.Aidan Lewis 科学
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  • E5: The Leak That Sealed It – Dobbs and the Decision to Overturn Roe v. Wade

    E5: The Leak That Sealed It – Dobbs and the Decision to Overturn Roe v. Wade
    2026/06/23
    In 1973, seven justices built a 50-year precedent on the right to privacy. In 2022, five justices tore it down – and a leaked memo may be the reason none of them could change their mind. This episode breaks down Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, the Supreme Court decision that overturned Roe v. Wade, through the lens of quantum cognition.Dobbs began as a 15-week abortion ban in Mississippi, deliberately written to be challenged. By the time it reached the Supreme Court, a Federalist Society-shaped conservative majority was already in place. But the real twist came in May 2022, when Politico published Justice Samuel Alito's draft majority opinion – the first leak of its kind in modern Supreme Court history. We look at how that leak changed the group dynamics of the decision itself.Using the four core concepts of quantum cognition – superposition, interference, contextuality, and non-commutative effects – we map the competing draft opinions on the table (Roberts's narrow ruling, the conservative majority's full overturn, the liberal dissent), the polarization and infighting reported inside the Court, and the unique context conservative justices used to frame Dobbs as correction rather than activism.What you'll take away from this episode:- Why group decisions can't be modeled the same way as individual choices- How a single piece of context – a leaked document – can "collapse" a group's superposed positions into a locked-in outcome- Why textualism and originalism function as a context-dependent decision frame, not a neutral defaultThis is not a debate about abortion. It's a decision-science breakdown of how nine people, under public pressure, reached an irreversible 5-4 ruling. ================================= Primary Sources:Busemeyer, J. R., & Wang, Z. (2015). What is quantum cognition, and how is it applied to psychology? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(3), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414568663Pothos, E. M., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2022). Quantum cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 73, 749–778. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-123501 Busemeyer, J. R., Wang, Z., & Townsend, J. T. (2006). Quantum dynamics of human decision-making. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50(3), 220–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2006.01.003Pothos, E. M., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2009). A quantum probability explanation for violations of 'rational' decision theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1665), 2171–2178. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0121================================= Secondary Sources:Three observations on the Alito draftAlito's originalist jurisprudence analyzedSunstein on the Alito draftFederalist Society's court influenceFull Dobbs opinion text (Cornell)Dobbs opinion PDF (SCOTUS.gov)Dobbs case overview (Ballotpedia)Dobbs case overview (Constitution Center)Planned Parenthood v. Casey historyRoe v. Wade 1973 to 2022 timelineRoe v. Wade background (History.com)Why Roe was overturnedRoe v. Wade (Britannica)Roe overturned (Planned Parenthood)Majority vs. dissent schism (NPR)Mississippi 15-week test caseJudge rebukes Mississippi's strategyCourt poised to roll back rights (SCOTUSblog)Oral argument coverage (Courthouse News)SCOTUS leak investigation report (CNN)Leaked Dobbs opinion explained (Harvard)Leak investigation fails (SCOTUSblog)Politico: Dobbs draft opinion leakPolitico: Roberts and the Court=================================Episode Tags / Keywords:Dobbs v Jackson, Roe v Wade overturned, Supreme Court decision making, quantum cognition, decision science, Federalist Society, Samuel Alito leaked opinion, SCOTUS Politico leak, group decision making, cognitive bias, behavioral psychology, constitutional law podcast, originalism textualism, judicial decision making, Mississippi abortion ban
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    21 分
  • E4: Plata o Plomo: Pablo Escobar’s Fatal Decision to Run for Congress

    E4: Plata o Plomo: Pablo Escobar’s Fatal Decision to Run for Congress
    2026/06/23
    At his peak, Pablo Escobar was one of the wealthiest men in the world with a net worth of over $30B and had built a reputation as Colombia's own Robin Hood – funding soccer fields, schools, and housing for the poor. He had wealth, power, and public love. So why did he risk everything to run for Colombian Congress?In 1982, Escobar entered politics, only to be publicly rejected by reformers Luis Carlos Galán and Rodrigo Lara Bonilla for his cartel ties. He found a workaround through congressman Jairo Ortega and won a seat – but his real goal may have been immunity from extradition to the United States. When Lara Bonilla, Colombia's Minister of Justice, exposed and expelled him from Congress, Escobar's public image collapsed. Within a year, Bonilla was assassinated which began the wave of killings that would claim three presidential candidates, an attorney general, and more than a thousand police officers.This episode uses the quantum cognition framework – superposition, interference, and contextuality – to examine the moment Escobar's political ambition turned a folk hero into one of history's most violent criminals. We look at the competing identities Escobar held simultaneously (Robin Hood, drug lord, aspiring statesman) and what happens when public rejection forces a collapse into a single, more destructive role.Listeners will walk away with:- A clearer picture of how Escobar's congressional run directly triggered Colombia's narco-terrorism era- A working model for how quantum cognition explains decisions that look irrational in hindsight- A framework for thinking about identity collapse under public humiliation – relevant well beyond Escobar's story================================= Primary Sources:Busemeyer, J. R., & Wang, Z. (2015). What is quantum cognition, and how is it applied to psychology? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(3), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414568663Pothos, E. M., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2022). Quantum cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 73, 749–778. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-123501 Busemeyer, J. R., Wang, Z., & Townsend, J. T. (2006). Quantum dynamics of human decision-making. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50(3), 220–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2006.01.003Pothos, E. M., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2009). A quantum probability explanation for violations of 'rational' decision theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1665), 2171–2178. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0121Aerts, D., & Aerts, S. (1995). Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes. Foundations of Science, 1, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208726Aerts, D. (2009). Quantum structure in cognition. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53(5), 314–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2009.04.005Busemeyer, J. R., Pothos, E. M., Franco, R., & Trueblood, J. S. (2011). A quantum theoretical explanation for probability judgment errors. Psychological Review, 118(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022542================================= Secondary Sources:PBS Frontline: Godfather of CocaineColombia Reports: Escobar ProfileBiography.com: Escobar BiographyNoiser: Political Aspirations and ConsequencesInsightCrime: Organized Crime ProfileAwesomeStories: Congress and ExtraditionResearchGate: Robin Hood Social ConstructionBrookings: Colombia Dangerous LiaisonsSolidarity/Marxists.org: Neoliberalism and ViolenceA&E: Escobar Case FileTroy University Journal: Escobar and Cold WarECPS: Colombia PopulismInfobae: Lara Bonilla AssassinationTimenote: Rodrigo Lara Profile================================= Episode Tags / Keywords:Pablo Escobar, Pablo Escobar Congress, Medellin Cartel, Colombian Robin Hood, quantum cognition, decision science, behavioral economics, cognitive bias, Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, plata o plomo, narco-terrorism, Colombia history, political decision making, superposition, contextuality
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    20 分
  • E3: “0% probability”: Why Musk Walked Away From OpenAI

    E3: “0% probability”: Why Musk Walked Away From OpenAI
    2026/06/23
    In 2018, Elon Musk walked away from OpenAI, calling its odds of success "0%." Eight years later, OpenAI is valued at $852 billion and preparing one of the largest IPOs in history – and Musk has spent the years since suing to unwind it.This episode traces the real story behind Musk's exit: his $38 million in early funding, his failed bid for board control, his attempt to merge OpenAI into Tesla, and the internal note from OpenAI president Greg Brockman that read, "This is our only chance to get rid of Elon." It's a story about a founder who wanted control more than he wanted the mission to succeed without him – and who left to build xAI as the fastest path to the AI capability he no longer had a claim to.Using the quantum cognition framework – superposition, interference, contextuality, and non-commutative effects – we unpack what classical decision theory misses about Musk's choice. Why does a man who predicted 0% odds of success keep fighting to prove himself right? What role did a missed $38 million bet play in years of litigation? And was this ever really a business decision, or a power struggle dressed up as one?Listeners will come away with:- A clear timeline of the Musk-OpenAI breakup, from 2015 founding to the 2026 trial- A working introduction to quantum cognition's four core concepts- A framework for spotting when "principled" decisions are actually power plays================================= Primary Sources:Busemeyer, J. R., & Wang, Z. (2015). What is quantum cognition, and how is it applied to psychology? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(3), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414568663Pothos, E. M., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2022). Quantum cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 73, 749–778. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-123501 Busemeyer, J. R., Wang, Z., & Townsend, J. T. (2006). Quantum dynamics of human decision-making. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50(3), 220–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2006.01.003Pothos, E. M., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2009). A quantum probability explanation for violations of 'rational' decision theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1665), 2171–2178. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0121Aerts, D., & Aerts, S. (1995). Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes. Foundations of Science, 1, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208726Aerts, D. (2009). Quantum structure in cognition. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53(5), 314–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2009.04.005Busemeyer, J. R., Pothos, E. M., Franco, R., & Trueblood, J. S. (2011). A quantum theoretical explanation for probability judgment errors. Psychological Review, 118(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022542================================= Secondary Sources:Musk trial live updatesOpenAI's account with internal emailsInternal emails disclosed in litigationTrial day 2 live updatesMusk testimony annotatedMusk's souring relationship with OpenAITestimony takeawaysPage vs. Musk on AI riskMusk testifies Page called him speciesistMusk relitigates old friendshipAI safety dispute sparked OpenAIMusk accuses leaders of looting nonprofitOpenAI Wikipedia overviewHow OpenAI lost MuskMusk v. Altman week 1 updatesWhat is xAI?xAI Wikipedia entryMusk leaves OpenAI boardMusk testifies against charity lootingFounders from allies to enemiesWhy Apple fired Steve JobsSteve Jobs firing explained================================= Episode Tags / KeywordsElon Musk, OpenAI, Sam Altman, xAI, quantum cognition, decision science, behavioral economics, cognitive bias, Tesla, AI lawsuit, Greg Brockman, startup power struggle, founder conflict, AI industry, decision making podcast
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    16 分
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