September 11th
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On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes, striking the World Trade Center and the Pentagon while a fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania after passengers resisted the hijackers. Nearly 3,000 people were killed, and the attacks shattered Americans’ sense of security. The aftermath transformed both domestic and foreign policy. The United States launched the war in Afghanistan, expanded surveillance and counterterrorism powers, created the Department of Homeland Security, and introduced stricter airport security. The attacks also contributed to a climate of fear that brought discrimination against Muslim, Arab, Sikh, and South Asian communities. September 11 became a dividing line in modern American history. It reshaped national identity, altered the balance between security and civil liberties, and changed how the United States understood threats, military power, and its place in the world.