Seventy years ago, on an island off Australia, we started something we couldn’t finish. This is the story of Britain’s nuclear deterrent, Trident — why we have it and why we can’t let go of it.

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Prof Mary Kaldor is Director of the Conflict Research Programme at LSE IDEAS.

Dr Matthew Grant is Reader and Head of the School of Philosophy, Historical and Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Essex. His forthcoming book Britain's Cold War Home Front: Citizens and the State will be published by Oxford University Press, and he is the author of National Service Life Stories: Masculinity, Class, and the Memory of Conscription in Britain.

The Operation Hurricane public information movie (1953) is available on YouTube, as is Bertrand Russell’s 1959 speech at the Manchester Free Trade Hall and The Prime Minister’s TOP SECRET trip to a nuclear submarine (10 Downing Street). Parliamentary speeches read by Seth Thévoz are in Hansard. The extract from the West Australian newspaper is in the National Library of Australia.

I also drew on Suzanne Doyle’s Preserving the Global Nuclear Order: The Trident Agreements and the Arms Control Debate, 1977-82 (International History Review), Matthew Grant’s Upgrading Britain's nuclear deterrent: from V-Bombers to Trident replacement (History and Policy), Nick Ritchie’s Trident and British Identity: Letting go of nuclear weapons and Ian Davis’ The British Bomb and NATO: Six Decades of Contributing to NATO’s Strategic Nuclear Deterrent (SIPRI/ Nuclear Education Trust). The Commons library briefing Replacing the UK’s Nuclear Deterrent: Progress of the Dreadnought Class was also useful.

When you need to see a GP, you can - though you might have to wait a couple of weeks.

But half the people who need an NHS dentist have no realistic chance of finding one.

Tooth pain is agonising. So why is dentistry so neglected by the government? Is it because we prefer to think bad teeth are … well … probably your own fault?

Ros Taylor asks professor of dentistry Ian Mills why it’s so hard to find an NHS dentist and how the way we think about our teeth has changed since the war. And Dr Charlotte Sleigh tells the story of the furious campaign against fluoridation in the 1960s.

The British Dental Association’s Dental Witness Seminars: dentistry in the UK since 1948 (N.H.F. Wilson and S. Gerbier, 2016), the House of Commons’ Health: Fifth Report (2008) and the Committee of Public Accounts’ Fixing NHS Dentistry: 21st Report of Session 2024-25 (April 2025) were invaluable.

Dr Charlotte Sleigh talks about her Royal Society report, Fluoridation of drinking water in the UK, c1962-67: A case study in scientific misinformation before social media.

Seth Thévoz read speeches by Lord Douglas of Bardoch, John Cronin MP and Michael Meacher MP, all from Hansard.

The Fudge advert is part of a YouTube compilation. Toothpaste ads are Gibbs SR (1955) and Aquafresh. Public information ads are Look After Your Teeth (1979) and Jeremy’s Toothache (1975).

Audio editing is by David Turnbull. More Jam Tomorrow is a KTC production.

Queen Victoria loved a curry, but it took the entrepreneurial efforts of South Asian migrants for it to become part of the British diet. How did it go from Windsor Castle to M&S ready meals and Dishoom?

Ros Taylor looks at how curry got political with historian Shrabani Basu and Professor Anand Menon of King’s College, London.

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Show Notes

Anand Menon is Professor of European Politics and Foreign Affairs at King’s College London and the director of The UK in a Changing Europe.

Shrabani Basu is the author of Victoria & Abdul: The Extraordinary True Story of the Queen’s Closest Confidant.

Lord Soper’s speech is on Hansard.

I am also grateful to Nishah Malik for the extract from London Life magazine.

Episode 1: Channel Tunnel

How did the Channel Tunnel get built? And why has it not quite lived up to its promise?

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Show notes

Jon Worth blogs about European rail.

The opening speech is from Shakespeare’s Richard II.

I am grateful to Terry Gourvish, the author of The Official History of the Channel Tunnel (Routledge) for insights into the long process of getting the tunnel built.

How John Bull Lost London is available at the Internet Archive. I also drew on The Churchill Project, BNP Paribas’ Origins of the Channel Tunnel 1957-87, Peter Keeling’s essay at Public Domain Review, material from the National Archives and INA footage from 1975. Politicians’ speeches are from Hansard.

The 1998 Eurostar ad features Antoine de Caunes.

How did it feel to watch the Channel Tunnel breaking through? The NHS made dentistry free – so why were British teeth still so bad? And what did police find at Club Eleven in 1950 that would change how we saw the world?

All this and more in season 4 of MORE JAM TOMORROW. Subscribe now to get every episode.

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