This is the 2026 job market series, where I speak with young scholars entering the academic job market about their latest research on India. On this episode, I spoke with Kishen Shastry who is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, Judge Business School. He received his Ph.D. in economics in 2026 at the University of Cambridge where his research focus was economics of religion and informal institutions. We discussed his job market paper titled, "The Political Economy of Informal Institutions in India."

We talked about the economics of religion, the role of long standing monastic institutions in India, how they are regulated by the state, and their impact on education, structural transformation, political competition in India, and much more.

Recorded August 25th, 2026.

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Timestamps:
00:00:00 - Intro
00:01:32 - Hindu Mutts and Their Relationship to Structural Transformation
00:07:33 - Understanding Mutts
00:16:25 - Mutts in the Education Marketplace
00:22:45 - Mutts and the Regulatory Regime
00:27:47 - Stitching Together the Data
00:33:03 - Mutt Autonomy and Adjustment to Market Demands
00:37:30 - The Propagation Effect of Mutts
00:40:40 - Parsing Effects
00:43:10 - Mutts' Impact on Political Competition
00:46:05 - The Intersection of Mutt's "Club Goods" and Political Influence
00:52:37 - Outro

This is the 2026 job market series, where I speak with young scholars entering the academic job market about their latest research on India. On this episode, I spoke with Nisha Vernekar who is a PhD Candidate in Economics at University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. Her research focus is at the intersection of gender, education, labour economics and development economics. We discussed her job market paper, (coauthored with Karan Singhal) titled, "Breaking the Night Barrier: Night-shift Reforms and Women's Work in India."

We talked about the regulatory frictions in the labor market in India, in particular the gendered restrictions imposed by the Shops and Establishments act, how labor demand changes after deregulation, how it affects overall labor force participation, India's structural transformation, and much more.

Recorded August 25th, 2026.

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Timestamps:
00:00:00 - Intro
00:01:33 - India's Labor-Market Puzzle
00:06:40 - The Roots and Rollback of India's Gendered Labor Restrictions
00:10:31 - The Chicken and the Egg: Disentangling Night-Work Restrictions and Women's Willingness to Work
00:15:21 - Formality and the Impact of Reforms and Women's Labor-Force Participation
00:18:13 - Measuring Women's Work
00:21:17 - What PLFS Data Can't Tell Us
00:25:49 - Indian Women Workers: Exotic—or Homo Economicus?
00:30:01 - Relaxing Gender Restrictions Without Significant Displacement
00:34:45 - Implications for Gender Equality
00:39:54 - Opportunities for Improvement in the Manufacturing Sector
00:43:57 - The Case for Gender-Agnostic Regulations
00:45:52 - Outro

This is the 2026 job market series, where I speak with young scholars entering the academic job market about their latest research on India. We are launching our series with Aishwarya Kekre, who is a PhD Candidate in Economics at the University of Virginia. Her research focus is at the intersection development, trade and spatial Economics. We discussed her job market paper, "Barriers to Structural Transformation: The Role of Agricultural Land Fragmentation."

We talked about the reasons for land fragmentation in India, its impact on manufacturing enterprises, on employment in both agriculture and manufacturing, profitability of small farms, how it impacts overall structural transformation, and much more.

Recorded August 21st, 2026.

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Timestamps:
00:00:00 - Intro
00:01:36 - Land Fragmentation and Structural Transformation: Surprising Trends
00:08:10 - Understanding Land Fragmentation
00:15:17 - Measuring the Impact of Land Fragmentation
00:21:13 - The Effect of Declining Farm Size on Manufacturing
00:26:30 - Measuring Fragmentation
00:31:11 - The Magnitude of the Distortions
00:36:20 - Impacts on Manufacturing Employment
00:39:45 - Modeling This Problem
00:49:04 - Potential Policy Implications
00:56:07 - Outro