『CME, Wind, Flares, Flux and Geomagnetic Storms .. say what?』のカバーアート

CME, Wind, Flares, Flux and Geomagnetic Storms .. say what?

CME, Wind, Flares, Flux and Geomagnetic Storms .. say what?

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Foundations of Amateur Radio When the Sun burps, something that it does regularly, the mainstream media starts talking about aurorae and optionally the end of the civilised world, not always as clinically as that. What's not talked about, let alone explained, is the nature of the solar burp. You've likely heard the terms Coronal Mass Ejection, or CME, Solar Flare and perhaps Solar Wind, Solar and Geomagnetic Storm, and Solar Flux, but what do these terms actually mean and how do they relate? Let's start with some basic numbers. Our Sun is 150 million kilometres away from Earth. As seen from Earth, the Sun rotates on its axis every 27 days, called a synodic rotation period, because while the Sun is rotating, Earth is moving too. If that wasn't enough, the Sun isn't solid, depending on where you're looking at it, rotation happens at different speeds, faster at the equator, slower at the poles. You might have heard of the Solar Cycle, an 11 year period during which solar activity steadily increases, near the maximum activity its magnetic poles flip from North to South and activity slowly decreases until the cycle starts again. Until quite recently we've deduced this by counting the number of dark areas, called sunspots, on the surface of the Sun. All this to say that our Sun is one massively dynamic environment and with it come a whole lot of processes that science is still discovering. The YouTube channel Astrum has a fascinating video called "We Didn't Predict the Sun Would Do This", that describes much of what we're still learning. We experience the Sun as a source of light, but as a radio amateur you know that light only represents a small set of frequencies in the radio spectrum, it's better to think of the Sun as a radio source, emitting many frequencies at once. The strength of this is measured at 2.8 GHz three times a day at 17:00, 20:00 and 23:00 UTC at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory in Penticton, British Columbia, Canada. This measurement, the Solar Flux gives a good indication of the level of solar activity. Adjusted for the varying distance between Earth and the Sun, a Solar Flux Index, or SFI, below 70 means that solar activity is very low, above 150 is considered very high activity. In addition to radio waves, the Sun also spits out a continuous wave of particles. Different parts of the Sun emit these at different speeds, varying between 300 and 800 km/s. These particles, the Solar Wind, exist throughout our Solar system. Because the Sun rotates and the particles aren't being emitted evenly we experience the solar wind as having a 27 day cycle. Think of a water filled beach-ball hanging from a rope with a hole in it, spinning, creating spirals of water. Stand in one spot and every time the ball rotates, you get hit by water. When the Sun burps, often at a sunspot, where concentrations of magnetic fields cool the surface, bursts of electromagnetic radiation are generated throughout the radio spectrum. Measured in Watts per square meter, this radiation is called a Solar Flare. Travelling at the speed of light, it takes about nine minutes to arrive at Earth. Sunspot and solar activity is used to model and predict the potential for solar flares. Strength is classified in four stages, class B being the weakest, through C, M, and class X being the strongest, each ten times more powerful than the previous. Within each class, numbers 1 through 9 serve to provide additional resolution, X2 being twice as strong as X1. The most powerful flare on record was estimated to be about X45, recorded on 4 November 2003, when at strength X17 the sensors overloaded. Some solar flares coincide with a massive eruption of particles, some of which are ejected violently, called a Coronal Mass Ejection or CME. A slow CME, travelling at 500 km/s might take three days to hit Earth, an extreme CME, travelling at up to 2,500 km/s might arrive in 16 hours. As the CME particles arrive, they distort Earth's geomagnetic field and depending on the severity, might cause a geomagnetic storm where fields are pushed closer towards Earth causing visual effects as aurorae. Recovery generally takes up to two days, but in extreme cases has been observed to take four. Disturbances of Earth's magnetic field are highly variable and are expressed in several different ways, the K, Kp, A, Ap and G indices. The K-index measured at individual observatories, ranges from 0 to 9 over a three hour period represents the maximum horizontal fluctuation in the geomagnetic field. Values of 5 and above indicating a geomagnetic storm. The planetary Kp-index represents a weighted average of 13 mid-latitude observatories. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA uses a G-scale, between 1 and 5, equivalent to a Kp-index between 5 and 9. The A-index is derived over eight K-index readings over a 24 hour UTC period at a particular observatory, below 20 is calm, between 20 and 50 is unsettled and above 50 is a stormy...
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