In this episode of Bits and Specs, we unpack BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) — the control plane of the internet. Using insights from RFC 4271, we explore how BGP connects thousands of autonomous systems (ASes) to make global routing possible. You'll learn how BGP works, what makes it different from internal routing protocols like OSPF, and how concepts like AS_PATH, route advertisements, and policy control form the backbone of the internet.

We also dive into real-world incidents like BGP hijacks and global outages, and why BGP — despite being designed in the 1980s — still powers the modern web. If you've ever wondered what keeps your packets on the right path, this episode is for you.

🧠 Researched using RFC 4271 with support from Google NotebookLM.

In this episode of Bits and Specs, we explore gRPC — Google’s high-performance, open-source RPC framework that’s powering everything from microservices to AI pipelines. We break down how gRPC works using Protocol Buffers, IDLs, and HTTP/2, and explain why it’s faster, leaner, and smarter than traditional REST APIs. With real-world examples from cloud systems, streaming platforms, and agent backends, this episode unpacks why gRPC is becoming the protocol of choice for developers building distributed, language-agnostic systems. Whether you're designing LLM infrastructure or just tired of JSON, this is the protocol you should know.

🧠 Researched using official documentation from grpc.io and structured with the help of Google NotebookLM.

In this episode of Bits and Specs, we explore the Model Context Protocol (MCP) — an emerging open standard for how AI agents discover tools, patch memory, and evolve mid-conversation. Unlike traditional plugin systems or rigid APIs, MCP defines a modular, dynamic architecture for building composable, intelligent agents that can reason, route, and adapt in real time.

We break down MCP’s core components — including resolvers, manifests, context patching, and tool invocation — and explain how this protocol lays the foundation for agent ecosystems that go far beyond prompt engineering. Whether you're an LLM developer, infrastructure nerd, or just AI-curious, this episode reveals why MCP may be the protocol behind the next generation of AI assistants.

🧠 Researched using official definitions and documentation from modelcontextprotocol.io with the help of Google NotebookLM.