Dr. Subha Dayal recently joined the New Books Network to discuss her new work Between Household and State: The Mughal Frontier and the Politics of Circulation in Peninsular India (U California Press, 2024). Her book makes a crucial intervention by moving beyond conventional dynastic narratives of the Mughal past to emphasize the role of elite household and family networks in peninsular India. Her approach defines the Mughal Frontier as a mobile entity. The empire was continuously remade and transformed through its interactions with ordinary itinerant subjects, such as scribes, soldiers, and labourers, who served under elite households and participated in imperial institutions like the army or bureaucracy. Dayal employs a bottom-up, granular portrait of this dynamism, returning to the tradition of social history to understand what the empire meant to ordinary people. The central organizational concept of the book is Ghar, defined as a continuum of relations that is neither restricted to sociological kin nor strictly bound to territory or space. While Ghar traditionally means "home" or "household," it also refers to a "slot or a single cell or receptacle," signifying an entity that functions as part of a larger unit. Dayal posits that the question of belonging can never be separated from the question of inequality. Belonging within the vertical hierarchy of a Ghar was inherently a form of privilege. The concept is fundamentally tied to the process of caste (jati) formation in pre-colonial India. Ghar was evoked by thousands of ordinary soldiers performing service (naukari) under a lord to signify affinity to a city, descent, or region. The internal politics of a Ghar often compelled household heads to forge alliances (sometimes across religious or kin divides) while simultaneously forcing them to enforce boundaries of status and caste to secure their grip over offices. Dayal chose the term Mughal frontier over "borderlands" to highlight the politics of circulation across the peninsula. This frontier is defined as a complex set of processes through which social formations, personnel, and resources came to overlap and be shared across northern and southern India. Circulation itself is defined not as a unidirectional mobility (like invasion), but as the back-and-forth movement of pre-modern actors between sites, including courts, battlefields, and port cities. This constant exchange caused these sites to develop overlaps and codependencies. Focusing on circulation helps Dayal collapse the spatial boundaries between northern and southern India. The household both anchors this circulation and is, in turn, reconfigured by it, creating new forms of affinity, belonging, and social exclusion. Dayal’s research bridges two distinct scholarly lines of inquiry: the Persian ecumene (which focuses on court and cultural history) and Indian Ocean studies (which often relies on European-language materials). She utilizes a massive documentary deposit of low-level Persian administrative materials from the moving Mughal frontier, reading them alongside vernacular narrative poems and the correspondence of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) along the coast. The VOC records, she notes, often use the term "huijshouden/huijsheid" to identify independent households and gauge their autonomy from imperial capitals. By working across these genres, Dayal affirms the radical equality of literary and non-literary sources for the study of pre-modern India. Dr. Dayal’s next project involves writing the Islamic port city into global history. This comparative study of the bureaucratic and scribal cultures of three port cities—Bandar Abbas, Surat, and Masulipatnam—moves from the sea to the land. This work utilizes bilingual documents in Persian and Dutch to trace how indigenous templates and scribal cultures shaped the terrain on which transnational companies operated, creating a kind of prehistory of orientalism.
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