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Pigafetta's book on Magellan’s travels is an engaging travel narrative honoring the legendary explorer. But it is much more: an accurate ethnographic and geographical account of the circumnavigation of the globe. Pifagetta describes the peoples, countries, goods, and even the languages that were spoken in every area.

The book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817) secured Ricardo's position among the prominent classical economists. Ricardo wanted to thoroughly examine rent, wages, and profit. He argues that land rent grows as population increases and presents the theory of comparative advantage, the theory that free trade between two or more countries can be mutually beneficial.

This collection of letters written by A. B. Williams for the Charleston News and Courier recounts the voyage of the Azor, a ship sent by the Liberian Exodus Association to carry black American immigrants to Africa. Williams describes his meeting with President Anthony W. Gardner, as well as the climate and vegetation of Liberia, its government, its people, and the reception of the immigrants.

Rousseau’s discourse on inequality is a fierce criticism of modernity. He traces the journey of humanity from its origin and distinguishes two types of inequality: the natural (or physical) and the moral. The natural inequality stems from differences in age, health, or other physical factors while moral inequality is established by the community.

Russell Conwell was an American Baptist minister, philanthropist, and founder and first president of the Temple University in Philadelphia. Chief amongst his groundbreaking lectures is "Acres of Diamonds", a lecture Conwell gave around the world a total of roughly 6,150 times before his death in 1925. "Acres of Diamonds" teaches us that all the means for success and fulfilment are within us or close at hand, and it teaches us how unwise it is to hold the belief that the "grass is greener on the other side"....

William James propounded his theories of pragmatism in this book. He emphasized "radical empiricism" and the concept that the meaning of any idea - philosophical, political, social, or otherwise - only has validity in terms of its experiential and practical consequences. He wished to test competing systems of thought in the "marketplace of actual experience" to determine whether adopting a particular philosophical theory or way of looking at the world makes an actual difference in individual conduct or in how people perceive and react to the varieties of experience.

In this speech of 1848, the great abolitionist Frederick Douglass makes an eloquent call for self-reliance. He points out that prejudice becomes powerless in the presence of industry, sobriety, and honesty combined with intelligence and self-respect. "There is gold in the earth, but we must dig it", says Douglass in reference to character which is attainable, and each must attain it for himself.

Cassius Marcellus Clay was a Kentucky planter, politician, and abolitionist. He freed the slaves on the estate inherited from his father and paid them a wage. Clay argued that no cordial union could exist between liberty and slavery, concluding his speech with, “If you would have peace, be just, for justice is the only peace.”

American Nobel Peace Prize winner, philosopher, sociologist, and suffragette Jane Addams is known as the "mother" of social work. Her writing as well as her activism laid the foundation for many of the positive social services and theories we take for granted. In "The Subjective Necessity of Social Settlements", first published in 1892, she discusses in a compelling and fair-minded way the case for settlement living, living and working amongst those who need help most. As with all other Addams’ work, the emotional is inexorably tied to the logical and factual.

Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot), in the service of King Henry VII of England, crossed the Atlantic and reached land in the summer of 1497. This account comprises three reports of contemporary witnesses. It seems likely that Cabot explored the coast of Labrador.

In this powerful essay, Lena Morrow Lewis claims that the new industrial processes that the capitalist system gave the world required the education and training of the workers, in order that they might be efficient wealth producers.

Mark Twain wrote this witty satire in response to a request by editors of the New York World to contribute a humorous essay describing his first lie. He used the opportunity for discussion on the nature of lying, including "the lie of silent assertion". He pointed out the difference between a spoken lie and any other, as well as the fact that we readily condemn a lie by an individual but rarely challenge the false assumptions on which entire nations and institutions base their existence.

How to Tell a Story is a classic essay by American humorist and writer Mark Twain.

Mark Twain compiled some of his experiences and experiments with telepathy in a fascinating article titled ‘Mental Telegraphy.’ In the opening paragraph he states that what many consider to be mere accident or ‘curious coincidence’ is no more accidental than is the sending and receiving of a telegram. He believed that minds resonate with one another by transferring ideas and messages to and fro.

Rene Descartes, mathematician, scientist, and first "modern philosopher", wrote Meditations on First Philosophy, a six-part treatise first published in Latin in 1641, to deconstruct "belief" and, using reason and science, discuss the only things we can truly know for sure. Each of the six parts of this book represents six of Descartes’ meditations that occurred on six subsequent days, making it also, in no small part, an autobiographical piece of work.

Wade into the tragic history of the Cagots, a group of Europeans who lived in Northern Spain and Western France who faced untold persecution. The horrors they faced seemed to be based in no real reasoning whatsoever, and Elizabeth Gaskell works to untangle the whys and hows of their hardships.

This rather incoherent work by Russian anarchist philosopher Michael Bakunin is described in a way that he described his own life: a fragment. Rife with criticisms on Christianity and the technocracy, Bakunin presses communist values without fear of bordering extremism. Listening to this work is like walking through Bakunin’s disjointed mind; often cutting off and starting mid-sentence, including footnotes several paragraphs long as if his thoughts suddenly start to wander, as well as ending rather abruptly mid-sentence.

The Ottoman Empire was one of the longest standing empires in the world. Started in 1299, the Ottomans would conquer much of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeastern Europe. This classic by William Deans covers 600 years of Ottoman rule.

Thomas Horn Jr. was an infamous figure in the 19th-century American Old West. Cowboy, soldier, government scout, translator, and gunman, Horn’s storied life has become an important part of western folklore. In 1902, he was convicted for murdering a 14-year-old boy after a run-in during a feud with a cattle rancher. The Life of Tom Horn is his life story in his own words, written from prison before he met his fate at the gallows the following year.