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Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, surveyor, and historian. The essay "Wild Apples" first appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in 1862. It begins with a history of the apple tree, chronicling its journey from Ancient Greece to America. The author compares the history of the apple to that of mankind, contemplating it with a tragic eye. He considered the idea of wildness not as sinful, but the source of creativity.

Canoeing in the Wilderness by Henry David Thoreau is an account of a canoe trip through a vast tract of almost-virgin woodland in Maine. The author, a friend and a Native American guide spent two weeks in the wilds, navigating waterways in a canoe or walking and camping on land. The charming prose blends the meditative with detailed descriptions of the journey, the scenery, and the guide’s admirable knowledge and skills.

Abolitionism was the movement that strove to end slavery in the United States. The abolitionists saw slavery as a stain and an affliction on the United States and made it their goal to eradicate slave ownership. Abolitionists produced anti-slavery literature, sent petitions to Congress, and ran for political office.

Twelve Years a Slave is the 1853 narrative of former slave Solomon Northup. He was born free in New York and kidnapped and sold into slavery. It was famously adapted for film in 2013.

Anarchism claims that there's no need for a state and that it would be better to have a society without central government. Anarchists dislike the authority of the state, but the dream of the stateless society is not a simple matter.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is the traditional title of the unfinished record of his own life written by Franklin from 1771 to 1790. it is an honest self-appraisal of the man who drafted the Declaration of Independence and negotiated the peace treaty with Britain. The work contains many passages on reading, self-improvement, and the art of conversation, and it has become one of the most famous and influential exemplars of an autobiography ever written.

Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857-1929) was an economist, sociologist, and critic of capitalism. In The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Veblen coined the concepts of “conspicuous consumption” and “conspicuous leisure”. His emphasis on conspicuous consumption greatly influenced economists who engaged in critiques of capitalism and technological determinism. In The Theory of Business Enterprise (1904) Veblen looks at the growing corporate domination of culture and the economy, arguing that business interests do not coincide with that of the community.

John Locke (1632 - 1704), the English philosopher and physician, is widely regarded as one of the Enlightenment's most influential thinkers. "A Letter Concerning Toleration" (1689) addresses the problem of religion and government by proposing religious toleration as the answer. In the "Second Treatise", Locke claims that civil society was created for the protection of life, liberty, and estate.

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1858-1919), the 26th president of the United States, was a conservationist and writer. Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail - published in 1888 - is the account of his adventures as a cowboy, hunter, herder, and deputy sheriff. The Rough Riders was the nickname given to the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War. The Rough Riders are best remembered for their charge up San Juan Hill, east of Santiago de Cuba, on July 1, 1898.

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) had a profound influence on the shape of 19th-century thought and political discourse. His view of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to the unrestricted state. Mill favoured decentralised forms of socialism because he thought that a centralised model would discourage competition, neglect talent, and disregard freedom.

Henry David Thoreau was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher. "The Service" (1840) is an essay that uses war and military discipline as metaphors for human life. Displaying a taste for paradox, "The Service" must have been inspired by the discourses on peace and nonresistance that were popular in New England at the time.

Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) remains one of the most influential works on moral philosophy. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant sets out by explaining the core concepts and principles of moral theory and demonstrating that they are normative for rational agents. He argues that the world of understanding is more fundamental than the world of sense. Therefore the moral law, which clearly applies to the world of understanding, also applies to the world of sense because the world of understanding is primary.

"A Confession" is an 1880 autobiographical essay on the subject of despair, philosophy, and religion by the great Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy. In it, he describes his search for answers to questions on the meaning of life. Tolstoy discusses his various attempts to find answers in science, philosophy, Eastern wisdom, and the opinions of his fellow novelists. Recognizing the deep religious convictions of ordinary people as a source of answers, he challenges the authenticity of organized religion.

Originally published in 1883 as part of the historian’s larger work Beacon Lights of History, Volume IV: Imperial Antiquity, this book covers the life, the times, and the philosophy of Marcus Aurelius (121-180). The 17th emperor of Rome preserved and protected the Empire, mainly by keeping the Parthians in the East and the Northern barbarians at bay. More sage than soldier, he ruled wisely and set a noble example in a wicked age.

The Meditations is a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD, which records his private notes to himself and his ideas on Stoic philosophy. A major theme of Meditations is the importance of analyzing one's judgment of self and others and the development of a cosmic perspective.

The Enchiridion is a collection of the most profound teachings of Epictetus (c. AD 55-135), who taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a matter of theory. The Enchiridion is a canonical text of Stoic philosophy and contains all the fundamentals. Among them is the principle of not being concerned with that which is out of one’s control. Misfortune should not disturb the individual at all and should not be perceived negatively.

Walking was first published in the June 1862 issue of Atlantic Monthly. In this treatise, Thoreau reminds us of how the primal act of walking connects us with nature. He argues that the genius of walking does not lie in mechanically putting one foot in front of the other toward to a destination, but in mastering the art of sauntering. The themes of Walking include freedom, self-reflection, and exploration. Thoreau states that the act of walking marks the human being as an inhabitant, or part and parcel of nature, rather than a member of society.

To Epictetus, all external events are beyond our control, and we should calmly accept whatever happens. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through self-discipline.

Life and Times of Frederick Douglass covers the life of the prominent abolitionist during and after the Civil War. Here, Douglass provides a fuller account of his escape from slavery and the underground railway to freedom. It includes his recollections of presidents Garfield and Lincoln, Johnson and Garfield, and an account of his service as Marshall of the District of Columbia.

Aristotle’s Metaphysics examines what can be asserted about any being insofar as it is and not because of any special qualities that it may possess. Three questions lie at the core of the book: What is existence, and what sorts of things exist in the world? How can things continue to exist, and yet undergo the change we see about us in the natural world? And how can this world be understood? The book also deals with different kinds of causation, form and matter, the existence of mathematical objects, and God as a prime-mover.