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  • Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 25, 1945

    Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 25, 1945
    2025/08/30
    This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945, This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday August 25, 1945. I've endeavored to have new episodes out every Monday, the same day (80 years later) as the last day of the weeks described in each. This week is the latest one yet, going out Saturday instead. My initial thought was that "it wasn't a very interesting week" but quickly realized how interesting it really was. The Daghlian criticality incident, happening so soon after all three of the first atomic detonations, so often is treated as simply an industrial accident, but it's right in the middle of this very busy month. Ho Chi Minh is consolidating his authority over Vietnam, in direct response to the power vacuum caused by Japan's surrender, and at breakneck speed. The Chinese Civil War has resumed, the Soviet Union continues to pursue a war that is barely two weeks old, colonial powers are returning to their former areas of power - yet before this, I'd hardly realized how much was happening in there. I daresay one could put together an intensive college-level semester course on "The End of World War II, August 15-September 2," and spend a week on each day, looking at all of the machinery of war, diplomacy, science, and politics being upended in that time, and how it affected the next century. That may be the reason that it's rarely covered: So much is happening that a manageable storyline can't be concocted that ties it all together. And because of that, every single day of it needs intensive research to discuss intelligently. Which is the real answer to how it ended up short. In any case, here is the next episode. Since the surrender ceremony is on Sunday, I'm currently planning on including that in the next episode (so 8 days instead of 7, ending on Sunday instead of Saturday). Sunday, August 19,1945 - 34 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yongjiazhen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_assault_on_Maoka Monday, August 20,1945 - 35 Days After Trinity When I was younger, I remember references to "quisling" as a traitor. It stopped being used, though, and it now takes some research to remember who he was and why he, so quickly, became that noun of choice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union Harriman informs Truman of the gift of “A framed photograph of a portrait of Stalin” presumably a response to the picture received three weeks earlier. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/node/349075 Tuesday, August 21,1945 - 36 Days After Trinity Daghlian Criticality accident (Demon Core) - he would die 25 days later, in mid September https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Daghlian https://members.tripod.com/~Arnold_Dion/Daghlian/accident.html An estimate of radiation doses for Hiroshima survivors. Reading through other stories, though - specifically the New Yorker's Hiroshima - it's clear that many people received lethal doses without being signficantly injured otherwise. https://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=146517 This notes that the 100% lethal doses is 400 rem - one-tenth or even one percent of what Daghlian received. https://www.cdc.gov/radiation-emergencies/causes/radiation-thermometer.html Wednesday, August 22,1945 - 37 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_Soviet_invasion_of_Hokkaido Thursday, August 23,1945 - 38 Days After Trinity Battle of Shumshu ends - Soviet victory over Japan, but Soviets had more casualties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu Friday, August 24,1945 - 39 Days After Trinity https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bullhead-i.html https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-navy-ships/alphabetical-listing/b/uss-bullhead--ss-332-0.html The Matsue incident - a group of young Japanese riot in opposition to the end of the war. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsue_incident Saturday, August 25,1945 - 40 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication_of_Bảo_Đại https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/25/archives/submarine-bullhead-lost-java-sea-patrol-her-last.html Summer of Trinity is a part of Mapping History here on The Latest Generation.
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    11 分
  • Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 18, 1945

    Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 18, 1945
    2025/08/21

    This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945. This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday August 18, 1945.

    Sunday, August 12,1945 - 27 Days After Trinity

    3 days after Nagasaki, 6 days after Hiroshima

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyth_Report

    Dr. Bine notes the unexpected arrival of the ending of the war.

    https://www.dearfolksies.com/august-12-1945-75-years-ago-in-a-ww2-m-a-s-h-unit/

    Monday, August 13,1945 - 28 Days After Trinity, 1 week after Hiroshima

    https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/loss-of-uss-indianapolis-ca-35/investigation-and-court-martial/court-of-inquiry.html

    https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/loss-of-uss-indianapolis-ca-35/investigation-and-court-martial/court-of-inquiry-findings.html

    https://www.ussindianapolis.com/captain-mcvay

    Tuesday, August 14,1945 - 29 Days After Trinity

    Final pumpkin bomb sortie: 6 aircraft.

    Kyūjō incident

    The east coast of the United States is about 14 hours behind Japan, so while the surrender occurred in Japan on the 15th, the victory celebrations began in the US on the 14th.

    V-J Day in Times Square

    Wednesday, August 15,1945 - 30 Days After Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan

    Thursday, August 16,1945 - 31 Days After Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Revolution

    Friday, August 17,1945 - 32 Days After Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyi

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Manchukuo

    Saturday, August 18,1945 - 33 Days After Trinity

    https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/30966890/anthony-james-marchione
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    13 分
  • Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 11, 1945

    Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 11, 1945
    2025/08/15
    This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945, touching points around the world but centered (as that summer was) on the Trinity nuclear test. This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday August 11, 1945. Sunday, August 5,1945 - 20 Days After Trinity Pictures of the survivors of the USS Indianapolis https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/loss-of-uss-indianapolis-ca-35/album-of-survivors.html https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/99227503/robert-lee-shipman https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/148385896/frederick-elliott-harrison Monday, August 6,1945 - 21 Days After Trinity Pacific Theater Tinian 2:45AM - The squadron of bombers departs for a six-hour flight to Japan. Hiroshima Lombok Strait, near Bali https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_losses_in_World_War_II European Theater https://www.dearfolksies.com/august-6-1945-75-years-ago-in-a-ww2-m-a-s-h-unit/ Coincidentally (I presume) this letter includes a “So it goes” He uses that idiom a few times in his letters, but this is the first time since 1943, and this is the only time he uses it just as is - other times he has a conjunction at the start (e.g. “But so it goes.”) https://www.dearfolksies.com/?s=%22so+it+goes%22&id=11367 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five (The bombing of Dresden that inspires parts of the novel was mid-February 1945.) Aboard the USS Augusta, Atlantic Ocean) Washington, District of Columbia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Johnson https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-hiram-johnson-19450807-story.html Los Angeles 2:30PM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bong He was 24 years old. Tuesday, August 7,1945 - 22 Days After Trinity Next day, Hiroshima, Alone, seeking parents, finds A broken jizo https://www.scalar.oberlincollegelibrary.org/shikoku/shikoku-gors-angry-jizo-illustrations?path=the-angry-jizo A creative commons picture of a Jizo statue: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jizo_statue_at_Zōjō-ji.jpg https://mythopedia.com/topics/jizo Flower Robotics Inc. (robot: Posy) - the robot that shows up for a minute in the film Lost in Translation - comes up because it looks a bit like a Jizo. The description I found indicates it’s supposed to be a young child - like a 3-year-old at a wedding who carries a bouquet for the bride - but nothing about the Jizo similarity, so probably just an impression. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nio Wednesday, August 8,1945 - 23 Days After Trinity It is three months since the surrender of Germany. Thursday, August 9,1945 - 24 Days After Trinity, 3 days after Hiroshima https://atomicphotographers.com/photographers/charles-levy/ Los Alamos Washington, District of Columbia San Francisco, California Pacific Theater https://twitter.com/wellerstein/status/1159799358650499072 Friday, August 10,1945 - 25 Days After Trinity Moscow, USSR August 10 heated discussion on surrender terms. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/68.pdf Washington DC https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6874336 Saturday, August 11,1945 - 26 Days After Trinity Motoko Sakama sees a newspaper headline saying that her father, the Mayor of Hiroshima, is one of those who had been killed by the atomic bombing on Monday. She realizes that other members of her family, including her daughter, may have died as well. https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/12/archives/eisenhower-flies-to-moscow-fete-lead-soviet-forces-against-japanese.html
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    19 分
  • Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 4, 1045

    Summer of Trinity - Week Ending August 4, 1045
    2025/08/05
    July 29 to August 4 This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945.This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday August 4, 1945. Sunday, July 29,1945 - 13 Days After Trinity https://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/Recent/Article-View/Article/2686164/navy-lessons-learned-from-sinking-of-indianapolis/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Mayfield - final MoH for actions before August 15 cessation of hostilities Pumpkin bomb sorties - 9 aircraft Monday, July 30,1945 - 14 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochitsura_Hashimoto https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Idaho_(BB-42) Indianapolis was sunk from an attack at just after midnight local time. (It’s still the 29th in Zulu / GMT/UTC time, which might be where some of the confusion comes from.) The moon was waning gibbous and rose at 10:28pm. It would have been well above the eastern horizon at midnight. (Again, Indianapolis was heading west, Hashimoto attacked the Starboard side, so he was facing south. That would’ve put the moon to his own starboard side, and about 20 degrees up from the horizon. ) https://phasesmoon.com/moonday29July1945.html Hashimoto notes that the moon was up when he found Indianapolis - and that therefore he dove quickly. Action report says 450 miles EAST of Leyte gulf, heading 262 so just short of due West (270). https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/loss-of-uss-indianapolis-ca-35/investigation-and-court-martial/after-action-report-of-mcvay.html https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/loss-of-uss-indianapolis-ca-35/investigation-and-court-martial/court-martial.html Tuesday, July 31,1945 - 15 Days After Trinity The submarine USS Bullhead leaves Fremantle, Australia, to commence her third war patrol. This patrol would be under the command of Lieutenant Commander Edward R. Holt, Jr. The previous captain of Bullhead, Commander Walter T Griffith, is sent to Guam, where he is to become Assistant Operations Officer to Vice Admiral Lockwood. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_T._Griffith Griffith recieved TWO Navy Crosses - from his previous sub tours, before Bullhead. Stimson to Truman https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/henry-stimson-harry-s-truman-attached-draft-press-release?documentid=NA&pagenumber=1 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/greg-mitchell/countdown-to-hiroshima-for-july_b_3663837.html August 1945 Wednesday, August 1,1945 - 16 Days After Trinity Thursday, August 2,1945 - 17 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35) An intersting equivalence, the ship was sunk early Monday, one week before Hiroshima; they are found mid-Thursday, one week before Nagasaki Friday, August 3,1945 - 18 Days After Trinity https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0802/02101.html Hiroshima’s Legacy - by Motoko Sakama Been looking for some pictures of the train station in Kobe, found one of GIs there in January 1946, and this one here. https://www.meijishowa.com/photography/5335/160305-0004-hankyu-railway-kobe-station Saturday, August 4,1945 - 19 Days After Trinity The Soviets gifted a plaque to the U.S. Ambassador to Moscow that was secretly bugged with The Thing, one of the earliest covert listening devices ever invented. It would hang in the Spaso House for seven years until its secret was discovered.Paul Tibbets briefed his crewmates on the bombing mission to Hiroshima, saying the bombs would be immensely powerful and "something new in the history of warfare", but giving no specifics.[ Summer of Trinity is a part of Mapping History here on The Latest Generation.
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    14 分
  • Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 28, 1945

    Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 28, 1945
    2025/07/30

    This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945, touching points around the world but centered (as that summer was) on the Trinity nuclear test. This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday July 28th, 1945.

    Sunday, July 22,1945 - 6 Days After Trinity

    From Stimson’s diary, excerpts on http://www.doug-long.com/stimson8.htm

    Monday, July 23,1945 - 7 Days After Trinity

    Marshall Philipe Petain is put on trial for treason.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Pétain

    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034583/goofs?item=gf6476041

    https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAAZ495DZU8UIV501CI3L12J1LY-THE-1945-TRIAL-OF-PHILIPPE-PETAIN/query/wildcard

    Tuesday, July 24,1945 - 8 Days After Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)

    http://www.ussunderhill.org/html/kaiten_information.html

    http://www.ussunderhill.org/html/sorryno.htm

    Nathan G. Benchley, in an article written for the New Yorker in 1953, mentions a conversation about current attitudes towards the war.

    "Who’s winning the war?" Roth asked me as I came in.
    "Search me," I said, and sat down.

    "I heard that in Guam the birdmen have a pool on it," Tampke said. "They got a million-dollar pool that says the war will be over by October. You can dip into it for any money you want."

    "Did they say October what year?" I asked.
    "I don’t know," Tampke replied. "I just heard October."

    Wednesday, July 25,1945 - 9 Days After Trinity

    An official bombing order is made for the first atomic weapon:

    From http://www.dannen.com/decision/handy.html

    Thursday, July 26,1945 - 10 Days After Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokusatsu

    Friday, July 27,1945 - 11 Days After Trinity

    https://ancientwarhistory.com/the-final-days-of-imperial-japan-the-potsdam-declaration-soviet-intervention-and-japans-surrender/

    https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/truman-papers/correspondence-harry-s-truman-bess-wallace-truman-1921-1959/july-27-1945

    Saturday, July 28,1945 - 12 Days After Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Empire_State_Building_B-25_crash

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aioi_Bridge

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial

    Note: Dobashi is near to Koamicho

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Callaghan_(DD-792)
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    16 分
  • Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 21, 1945

    Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 21, 1945
    2025/07/23
    This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945, touching points around the world but centered (as that summer was) on the Trinity nuclear test. This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday July 21th, 1945. Sunday, July 15,1945 - 1 Day Before Trinity 12th Army Situation Map (Germany and surrounding areas) https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1945/trinity_evaluations.htm The American contingent arrives at Potsdam. The imminent start of the conference was a major reason the Trinity test had been planned of this week. Returning from his one-day shakedown cruise for the USS Indianapolis, Captain McVay meets with Captain William Parsons of Project Alberta and Admiral William R. Purnell - one of the chief military advisors for the Manhattan Project. They don’t mention these connections to McVay, who is informed only that his ship has been chosen for an important mission: He is to proceed with all possible speed across the Pacific, first to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and then to the Marianas, on the edge of the Philippine sea. There he will deliver his cargo to the air base on the island of Tinian. He is assured that every day saved delivering the cargo is a day closer to the end of the war. He is to safeguard the cargo at all costs - ALL costs. If the ship is lost, his first priority will be saving this cargo - if necessary, a lifeboat is to be used to ensure it is undamaged. McVay will not, however, be told what the cargo actually is. There are some clues, however. There are two Army officers who will accompany the cargo and see it safely ashore at Tinian: Major Robert Furman, and Capt. James Nolan. While they are presented as “artillerymen,” McVay eventually learns from Captain Nolan that he is actually a doctor, with the implication that there are some health concerns about the cargo. Nolan assures McVay that there is no actual danger to the crew of the Indianapolis. Nolan does not mention that he is one of two medical doctors at Los Alamos - not that McVay would have know where that was - nor that he is the doctor who put together the safety plan to ensure the health of those attending the upcoming Trinity test. But McVay knows that there are not a lot of materials that are both relatively small and enough of a health concern to merit the attendance of a doctor. https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/james-f-nolan/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._McVay_III https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35) Monday, July 16,1945 - Trinity Yoko Moriwaki's diary is available through online and other booksellers, and in some libraries. https://www.amazon.com/Yokos-Diary-Paul-Ham/dp/0733331173/r https://www.dearfolksies.com/wabern-germany-july-10-august-23-1945/6/ https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/node/400674 Tuesday, July 17,1945 - 1 Day After Trinity The Potsdam Conference began in Potsdam, occupied Germany. Representatives of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States met to discuss how to administer postwar Germany. https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/images/szilard_petition.htm https://biology.indiana.edu/documents/historical-materials/gest_pdfs/hgSzilard.pdf Wednesday, July 18,1945 - 2 Days After Trinity http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/groves-leslie/corr_groves_1945-07-18_print.htm Thursday, July 19,1945 - 3 Days After Trinity https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/timeline Friday, July 20,1945 - 4 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_fuze - The atomic bombs used these, which were actually a very new technology, but one that had already proven its worth - Patton proclaimed that the proximity fuze had contributed greatly to the American success in the Battle of the Bulge. Saturday, July 21,1945 - 5 Days After Trinity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Underhill https://ussunderhill.org/index.html
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    16 分
  • Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 14, 1945

    Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 14, 1945
    2025/07/14

    This is Summer of Trinity - a daily description of events in the summer of 1945, touching points around the world but centered (as that summer was) on the Trinity nuclear test. This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday July 14th, 1945.

    Sunday, July 8,1945 - 8 Days Before Trinity

    It is two months since the surrender of Germany.

    The Utah prisoner of war massacre occurred just after midnight when an American soldier killed nine German prisoners of war and wounded twenty others at a camp in Salina, Utah.

    Salina is about 150 miles from Salt Lake City and Fort Douglas.

    Monday, July 9,1945 - 7 Days Before Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_July_9,_1945

    https://www.ednasjournal.com/post/july-9-1945-monday

    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0026164/

    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/science/staring-at-the-sun-as-it-disappeared.html

    https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history/2025/june/deak-and-little-boy

    https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/dangers-accidental-detonations

    Tuesday, July 10,1945 - 6 Days Before Trinity

    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-mar-01-mn-24352-story.html

    Wednesday, July 11,1945 - 5 Days Before Trinity

    Assembly of the Gadget begins.

    https://www.atomicheritage.org/event/1945-july-11

    Thursday, July 12,1945 - 4 Days Before Trinity

    https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/truman-papers/correspondence-harry-s-truman-bess-wallace-truman-1921-1959/july-12-1945?documentid=NA&pagenumber=2

    https://www.2020hindsight.org/2005/07/12/1945-plutonium-core-leaves-los-alamos/ (for the Trinity test site)

    Friday, July 13,1945 - 3 Days Before Trinity

    The Proving Ground was officially authorized by ASF Circular 269, July 13, effective July 9, 1945.

    Saturday, July 14,1945 - 2 Days Before Trinity

    https://farragutlife.com/mare-island/
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    16 分
  • Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 7, 1945

    Summer of Trinity - Week ending July 7, 1945
    2025/07/09

    A daily description of events in the summer of 1945, touching points around the world but centered (as that summer was) on the Trinity nuclear test. This episode has daily events for the week ending Saturday July 7th, 1945.

    Sunday, July 1,1945 - 15 Days Before Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_C4-class_ship

    http://ww2troopships.com/crossings/1945b.htm

    https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/7-8/7-8_7.HTM

    http://www.yeide.net/World_War_II_History/Cavalry_Histories.html

    Monday, July 2,1945 - 14 Days Before Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons Captain William Parsons, US Navy - head of Project Alberta, which is the part of the Manhattan Project focused on delivering the bomb to it’s target.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Farrell - Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, who is “Grove’s deputy for operations”

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Purnell - Rear Admiral William Purnell is Navy liason to manhattan project, also the Navy’s deputy chief for materiel.

    http://www.dannen.com/decision/testdate.html

    The "IT" mentioned a couple of times there appears to be the Little Boy device, which was going to be transported to Tinian aboard the USS Indianapolis (then finishing repairs in the San Franciso area), and which Parsons was coordinating with Purnell.

    Tuesday, July 3,1945 - 13 Days Before Trinity

    https://automotivehistory.org/july-3-1945-ford-starts-postwar-production/

    https://vtauto.org/1946-ford-tudor/

    https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/photograph-records/64-57-01

    Wednesday, July 4,1945 - 12 Days Before Trinity

    https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/truman-independence-day-message-1945

    https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/72/statement-president-fourth-july

    Thursday, July 5,1945 - 11 Days Before Trinity

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election

    Friday, July 6,1945 - 10 Days Before Trinity

    https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/delivering-atomic-bombs-silverplate-b-29

    https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/EnolaGay/EnolaGay.html

    Saturday, July 7,1945 - 9 Days Before Trinity

    http://www.brigs.us/Phila/Candids1.htm — photographs from USS Philadelphia

    http://www.brigs.us/Phila/reunion-files/and-we-were-there-Truman-Potsdam.htm - a first-person account of the trip

    https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2014/08/14/truman-bacall-and-that-photograph/

    https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nara-series/80-g/80-G-600000/80-G-603322.html
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    16 分