Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠.

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Thumbi Ndung’u is a faculty member at the Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) in Durban, South Africa; Professor and Victor Daitz Chair in HIV/TB Research at the HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal; Programme Director for the Sub-Saharan African Network for TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE); Professor of Infectious Diseases at University College London, UK; Associate Member of the Ragon Institute; Adjunct Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; and Provost's Visiting Professor of HIV Virology and Immunology at Imperial College London, UK.

He is the recipient of several awards for scientific excellence and leadership contributions, including the South African Medical Research Council Gold Scientific Achievement Award, the Leadership Award in Public Health Practice from the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, and the KT Jeang Retrovirology Prize in recognition of outstanding work on HIV. He has also received grant funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, the Science for Africa Foundation, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the South African National Research Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and others.

His research focuses on understanding interactions between HIV and the immune system and how these may be harnessed and translated for HIV prevention or cure.

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In this episode, he talks about his journey with HIV and immunology that has spanned at least three decades and birthed several groundbreaking contributions, the most recent being Africa’s first HIV cure trial for women living with the virus.

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To participate in our Trivia questions, visit our social media platforms via the links below.

- ImmunoAfrica: linktr.ee/immuno.africa

- Immunopaedia: immunopaedia.org.za

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Timestamps:

00:00 – podcast intro

01:05 – guest intro

02:00 – starting out, maximising opportunities: from a coffee farm to veterinary school

05:19 – getting into immunology research

07:16 – ImmunoAfrica x Immunopaedia quiz interlude I

08:40 – making a mark in immunology, from Nairobi to Harvard | isolating subtype C strain of HIV

12:15 – misconceptions and big questions in HIV research

17:30 – research and contributions leading up to the HIV Cure Project

21:04 – convincing people living with HIV to stay off medications (antiretroviral therapy, ART) for trial

23:51 – integrating socioeconomic empowerment into biomedical research | The FRESH project

25:45 – designing, conducting the HIV Cure trial | more on The FRESH project

31:50 – major findings from, next steps for the HIV Cure trial

39:40 – why only women were recruited for the cure trial

41:33 – adverse outcomes in participants

43:40 – ImmunoAfrica x Immunopaedia quiz interlude II

45:00 – coming up with new ideas

46:52 – visibility for scientists and its role in strengthening local R&D

53:32 – experience with mentorship: paying it forward

56:55 – final remarks

57:42 - outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠.

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Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.

We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.

Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.

The seventh and final episode in the series features Professor Mohlopheni Jackson Marakalala who is currently the Director of the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Centre for Tuberculosis Research at Stellenbosch University (SU), South Africa.

Marakalala completed his PhD in Chemical Pathology at the University of Cape Town (2008), receiving the Bronte Stewart Research Prize for the most meritorious PhD thesis. He then completed a total of 8 year postdoctoral training; 4 years in the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) at UCT and 4 years in Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health.

Between 2016 and 2019, he was a Senior Lecturer at UCT and a Visiting Scientist at Harvard. From 2019 until his recent appointment as the Unit Director of the SAMRC Centre for TB Research, he has been a Wellcome Trust International Fellow and Faculty member at Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) and an Associate Professor at University College London (UCL).

His laboratory’s primary interest is on infectious diseases, particularly immunopathogenesis of Tuberculosis, with an aim of developing host-directed therapies targeting mediators of lung damage. His other interests are in understanding strategies utilized by mycobacteria to survive various arms of the immune system.

Work in his lab has been funded by grants from SA Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Personal achievements include recognition as a ‘Rising Star’ at the 2019 Grand Challenges meeting, NRF Emerging Researcher Excellence Award (2018), SA Medical Research Council Scientific Merit award (Silver medal) (2016); UCT 2016 College of Fellows Young Researcher Award; and the Next Einstein Forum (2016) Fellowship.

In this episode, he talks about how we may rethink funding for TB research in light of recent cuts which have dealt the field a heavy blow. In addition, he shares some of the plans and perspectives he brings to his recent role as Director of the SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research.

Timestamps:

00:00 - intro

01:35 - journey to current role and work in TB

03:42 - qualities and factors that have shaped his career

06:21 - contributions to TB research; training younger scientists

12:14 - funding cuts and impact on his ongoing work

15:29 - does external funding limit what aspects of TB research can be studied in Africa?

20:49 - what alternative funding models do we start exploring to support local TB research?

26:32 - the role of scientists and scientific councils

29:40 - will Africa have the market to foster bio-entrepreneurship?

33:44 - plans and perspectives for current role - Director of the SAMRC-SU Centre for Tuberculosis Research

40:05 - closing remarks; future of TB in Africa

42:40 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠.

--

Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.

We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.

Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.

The sixth and penultimate episode in the series features Fatoumatta Darboe. Originally from The Gambia, Fatoumatta currently works as an Assistant Professional Researcher at the University of California, San Francisco in the United States.

Darboe ventured into TB research during her master's programme at the Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia (MRCG) at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), where she also completed a postdoctoral training.

For her PhD at the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), she sought to define TB correlates of disease risk in several South African cohorts of individuals co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This work resulted in the validation and publication of an 11-gene biomarker (Darboe11), which predicted and diagnosed TB disease, and predicted treatment responses in several TB/HIV co-infected cohorts.

In this episode, she takes us on her long-standing relationship with TB, including how her interest in TB-HIV coinfection developed. She shares updates on ongoing projects exploring a fascinating pathway implicated in TB and HIV and immunogenic antibodies for TB.

Additionally, she talks about what fuels her advocacy for female education and representation in leadership, and why it's important to audit one's "circle" according to their goals.

Timestamps:

00:00 - intro

01:17 - early journey, getting into TB research

06:46 - navigating growth with minimal supervision

10:20 - journey to SATVI; PhD research highlights

14:07 - current projects

14:48 - TB-HIV co-infection; TB risk in PLWH

17:45 - understanding the kynurenine-tryptophan (KT) pathway in HIV/TB

19:00 - is the KT pathway relevant in TB aside from HIV?

21:13 - potential application of findings

23:40 - using bacteriophage to unravel TB antibody responses

28:33 - which TB strains are targeted in antibody response study?

29:56 - challenges, barriers, and sacrifices

38:00 - closing remarks

38:58 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠.

--

Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.

We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.

Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.

The fifth episode in the series features Anele Gela, a Research Officer at the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, where he studies host determinants of protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).

Anele first ventured into TB research during his postdoctoral fellowship at SATVI. He completed his PhD degree in Lund University, Sweden, studying asthma, and previously worked with coronaviruses.

During his post-doctoral training, he was actively involved in several projects aimed at addressing the role of donor-unrestricted T (DURT) cells in TB immunity and vaccination.

In his current role as a research officer, he provides scientific and operational oversight of immunological and laboratory aspects of TB vaccine projects. One such project is the H56:IC31 TB vaccine trial, which was conducted at multiple sites in South Africa and Tanzania.

In this episode, we talk about his journey into studying vaccine immune responses for TB, why vaccines matter, and the need for stronger public engagement in the field.

Timestamps:

00:00 - intro

01:40 - why vaccines are important; different vaccine types

06:11 - career journey; from coronaviruses to TB

12:20 - PhD research and key findings

14:15 - key TB-related projects

19:40 - how clinical trials run; projects and findings

25:33 - more findings, lessons from trials

28:09 - on TB revaccination and BCG effectiveness

31:33 - challenges with getting a TB vaccine

36:44 - public engagement in TB vaccine clinical trials

38:26 - engaging with public and private agencies to attract investment in biomedical research and development

42:15 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠.

--

Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.

We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.

Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.

The fourth episode in the series features Solomon Jauro, a veterinarian and postdoctoral researcher at the University of Pittsburgh, where he studies tuberculosis in non-human primates (macaque models).

Solomon trained as a veterinarian and obtained his master's degree at the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, before proceeding to the University of Pretoria, South Africa, for his PhD.

Unlike previous guests, Solomon's work on TB only took off during his postdoctoral fellowship, as his earlier work had focused on antimicrobial resistance and anthrax vaccine immune responses.

In this episode, he talks about how his research on macaques co-infected with TB and simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV (a HIV-like virus) could shape current understanding of human TB-HIV coinfection, in the context BCG vaccine-induced immune responses.

In addition to sharing what it'd take for his findings to be translated into humans, he also reflected on why African institutions should create structures that foster collaboration, particularly among young scientists.

Timestamps:

00:00 - Intro

01:13 - MSc/PhD project; getting into TB

02:03 - More on PhD project: anthrax vaccines

05:25 - Macaques as 'ideal' models for understanding human TB

08:51 - TB-SIV co-infection in macaques

10:32 - Evaluating TB/HIV immune responses from intravenous vs intradermal BCG administration I

16:33 - BCG'osis in humans

18:09 - Evaluating TB/HIV immune responses from intravenous vs intradermal BCG administration II

21:48 - SIV viral load and BCG-induced TB protection

29:24 - Attenuated BCG for juvenile macaques

32:08 - Translating findings from macaque models to human patients

32:56 - Does BCG'osis associate with vaccination routes?

36:00 - If not TB, then what?

38:00 - Closing remarks: how African institutions can foster collaboration among scientists

41:20 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠⁠.

--

Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.

We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.

Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.

The third episode in the series features Paul Ogongo, an assistant professional researcher and former postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Francisco.

Originally from Kenya, Paul trained in his home country and South Africa before moving to UCSF for a postdoctoral position. His work has mostly explored T cell responses to TB, highlighting the roles of an important immune cell regulator, IL-17, in the control or progression of the disease.

At UCSF, Paul's investigation of T cell-associated immune responses to TB seeks to unravel distinct antigens that could improve future vaccine design against TB. Till date, BCG remains the only approved vaccine against TB; although several other potential candidates are in clinical trials.

In this episode, Paul shares key highlights from his work on TB antigens and the promise they hold for design of vaccines that could prevent TB disease progression. He also reflects on some of his experiences with failure and the key advances he anticipates in TB immunology over the next decade.

Timestamps:

00:00 - Intro

01:39 - Unravelling the TB spectrum (active TB vs. subclinical TB; TB exposure vs. TB control)

08:02 - On why 'latent TB' isn't truly 'latent'

09:15 - Investigating active TB (PhD research project and findings)

16:09 - Studying TB at the lungs vs in blood

20:09 - Evaluating T cell responses to rare variable antigens (findings and implications)

32:04 - TB in diabetic individuals

36:22 - Dealing with failure

41:49 - Closing remarks: TB immunology over the coming decade

46:43 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠⁠Wealth Okete⁠⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠⁠.

--

Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.

We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.

Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.

The second episode in the series features Simon Kimuda, a postdoctoral researcher in the Doores Lab at Kings College London. His work has largely focused on understanding antibody responses to tuberculosis, an area of research which remains underexplored in the field.

Simon leverages techniques in immunology and molecular biology to understand immune correlates of protection and inform the design of novel vaccines against respiratory conditions such as tuberculosis and hantavirus infections.

Outside of research, he actively contributes to mentorship and career development initiatives, enabling access to career growth opportunities for young scientists.

This episode explores Simon's journey in TB immunology, particularly antibodies, which has spanned more than a decade and earned him a Crick African Network Fellowship. Simon also talks about why we should pay more attention to TB stigma and embrace new paradigms to understanding TB.

Timestamps:

00:00 - Intro

01:29 - Earliest steps in science and immunology

04:15 - Working with TB

09:30 - Heterologous (non-TB) antibody responses in people with active TB

15:02 - More on TB antibody responses | affinity and avidity

17:10 - Antibody responses in TB vaccines: BCG and future vaccines

23:45 - Crick African Network Fellowship | TB growth inhibition; antibody responses to TB surface sugars

31:11 - Linking current postdoctoral research on hantaviruses and interest in TB

36:50 - What's next, if funding was not a limitation

39:55 - What current TB paradigms need to change in Africa

44:45 - Closing remarks | The importance of mentorship

46:27 - Outro

Hosted by ⁠Wealth Okete⁠, The Immunology in Africa Podcast explores narratives at the nexus of immunology & Africa. We ask professors, postdocs, PhD students, and everyone in between to tell us about their journey into immunology, the questions driving their current work, and the impact they hope to make on the continent.

To support our efforts towards amplifying African stories of immunology, you can ⁠⁠buy us coffee⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠nominate a guest⁠⁠.

--

Launching in April 2025, our special TB Immunology series and first-ever disease-focused series dives deep into the science, challenges, and success stories behind the fight to end tuberculosis.

We’re joined by leading scientists whose work in TB prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development is shaping the current landscape of the disease in Africa and globally.

Whether you're actively involved in TB research or simply curious about the field, this experience promises to be both eye-opening and engaging.

The first episode in the series features Sara Suliman, an assistant professor in the Division of Experimental Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital. Her lab focuses on identifying host mechanisms underlying TB risk and pathogenesis.

An immunologist by training, Suliman is interested in understanding the immunological determinants of TB risk, progression, and treatment response and developing predictive biomarkers for the disease.

This episode explores Suliman's TB work, most of which began during her post-doctoral training at the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town. In addition, Suliman talks about how she blends hypothesis-driven and exploratory research in her science and why she finds the former 'more intellectually stimulating'.

Timestamps:

00:00 - Intro

02:26 - Earliest steps in TB immunology

04:30 - Overview of initial TB immunology projects exploring vaccines and biomarkers

07:48 - Transitioning from cancer to infectious disease immunology

12:47 - Genetic biomarkers for TB progressors and non-progressors

19:06 - More on 'the biomarker study'

24:55 - TB heterogeneity

29:09 - Hypothesis-driven vs. exploratory science

32:38 - The impact of viral co-infections, such as COVID-19, on TB

36:41 - What do TB scientists disagree on?

42:34 - Lab culture, mentorship, and collaboration

46:30 - On being 'scooped'

48:23 - The future of TB in Africa

51:23 - Closing remarks

53:05 - Outro