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  • The 1918 Palestinian Congress: First National Assembly

    The 1918 Palestinian Congress: First National Assembly
    2026/07/21
    In January 1918, while World War I still raged and Ottoman rule crumbled, a group of Palestinian notables convened a secret gathering in Jaffa that would plant the seeds of national identity. This episode follows the little-known story of the First Palestinian Congress, organized under the noses of Ottoman authorities and British intelligence alike. We meet the key figures — Musa Kazim al-Husseini, Aref al-Aref, and the young intellectual Izzat Darwaza — who drafted the first modern political statement demanding self-rule. Drawing on diaries, British intelligence files, and Arabic newspapers of the era, we reconstruct the debates over whether to seek protection from Britain or the Arab kingdom of Faisal, and trace how the congress's resolutions foreshadowed the Arab Higher Committee and the later struggle for statehood. The episode also explores the competing visions of Palestine as part of Greater Syria versus a distinct entity, a tension that still echoes today. #PalestinianCongress1918 #Jaffa #WorldWarI #MusaKazimalHusseini #ArefalAref #IzzatDarwaza #OttomanEmpire #BritishMandate #ArabNationalism #GreaterSyria #Faisal #Filastin #PalestineHistory #Decolonization #MiddleEastHistory #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 分
  • The 1922 Palestine Mandate: Churchill's White Paper and the Birth of a Contradiction

    The 1922 Palestine Mandate: Churchill's White Paper and the Birth of a Contradiction
    2026/07/21
    In June 1922, Winston Churchill issued a White Paper that tried to reconcile Britain's contradictory promises to Arabs and Jews in Palestine. It was an impossible balancing act. This episode unpacks how Churchill—then Colonial Secretary—inherited a mess of wartime pledges, from the Balfour Declaration to the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, and attempted to define what the Mandate actually meant. We get into the Churchill White Paper's key provisions: the rejection of a Jewish state in all of Palestine, the acceptance of Jewish immigration only 'as of right' up to economic absorptive capacity, and the creation of the Palestine Legislative Council—which never met. We also look at how both sides rejected the document, why the Zionist Organization reluctantly accepted it, and how the White Paper set the terms of conflict for decades. Along the way, we meet figures like Herbert Samuel, the High Commissioner; Musa Kazim al-Husseini, the Palestinian leader who tore up the proposal; and Chaim Weizmann, who saw the White Paper as a fragile lifeline. A specific, grounded look at a pivotal moment when British policy tried—and failed—to square the circle. #PalestineMandate #ChurchillWhitePaper #1922 #HerbertSamuel #MusaKazimalHusseini #ChaimWeizmann #ColonialOffice #BalfourDeclaration #HusseinMcMahon #ZionistOrganization #ArabExecutiveCommittee #PalestineLegislativeCouncil #BritishMandate #WhitePaper #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #History #ColonialPolicy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 分
  • The 1898 Kaiser's Damascus Speech: Germany Enters Palestine's Great Game

    The 1898 Kaiser's Damascus Speech: Germany Enters Palestine's Great Game
    2026/07/20
    In 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany made a state visit to the Ottoman Empire, culminating in a speech in Damascus that declared himself protector of 300 million Muslims worldwide. The visit included a stop in Jerusalem, where he met Theodor Herzl and inadvertently boosted the Zionist movement, while also strengthening German-Ottoman ties. This episode explores how Wilhelm's theatrical diplomacy, the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway, and the Kaiser's famous 'Kaiser Wilhelm Fountain' in Jerusalem reshaped Palestine's political landscape just years before World War I. We examine the competing interests of Germany, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire, and how a single speech in Damascus resonated through Palestine's future. #KaiserWilhelmII #DamascusSpeech #BerlinBaghdadRailway #Zionism #TheodorHerzl #OttomanEmpire #Jerusalem #GermanColonialism #1898 #PalestineHistory #MiddleEast #WorldWarIOrigins #KaiserWilhelmFountain #AbdulHamidII #JaffaGate #ImperialRivalry #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    6 分
  • The 1915 Jerusalem Locust Plague: War, Nature, and Survival

    The 1915 Jerusalem Locust Plague: War, Nature, and Survival
    2026/07/20
    In the spring of 1915, as World War I ravaged the Ottoman Empire, an even more ancient enemy descended on Palestine: locusts. This episode of The History of Palestine tells the story of the great locust plague that swept from the Sinai to the Galilee, stripping fields bare and compounding the suffering of a population already reeling from conscription, famine, and disease. We follow the desperate efforts of Ottoman officials, Jewish agronomists like Aharon Aharonson, and Palestinian farmers who fought the swarm with tin drums, trenches, and poison. The plague exposed the fragility of Palestine's food system, deepened the wedge between the Yishuv and the Arab fellahin, and foreshadowed the famine of 1918. We also explore how the Ottoman state's response — or lack thereof — fueled local resentment and shaped the politics of survival. A story of resilience, failure, and the collision of modern science with biblical catastrophe. #1915LocustPlague #Jerusalem #Palestine #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #AharonAharonson #Famine #Fellahin #Yishuv #Jaffa #Galilee #DjemalPasha #Locusts #Agriculture #SiegeWarfare #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    6 分
  • 1891 Jaffa Land Sale Ban: Ottoman Palestine's First Zionist Crisis

    1891 Jaffa Land Sale Ban: Ottoman Palestine's First Zionist Crisis
    2026/07/19
    In June 1891, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II issued a secret imperial decree banning Jewish immigration and land sales in Palestine. While earlier episodes have covered the Tanzimat land reforms and the 1858 Land Code, this episode zooms in on the first coordinated Ottoman attempt to halt Zionist settlement—and how it failed. We trace the decree's origins: the outrage of Jerusalem's notables (a'yan) and the Arab press, the role of Ruhi al-Khalidi and the al-Karmil newspaper, and the Sublime Porte's fear of a new 'Jewish Question.' But enforcement was sabotaged by bribery, foreign consuls, and the very Ottoman bureaucracy that issued it. We meet the key figure of Shimon Rokach, a Jaffa-based Jewish leader who used Ottoman citizenship and local connections to keep land deals flowing. And we examine the decree's long shadow: how it set the pattern for Ottoman-Zionist conflict, and how later British Mandate restrictions echoed its logic. A story of imperial decree versus local reality—and the birth of Palestine's modern land struggle. #Palestine #OttomanEmpire #Zionism #AbdulHamidII #Jaffa #LandSaleBan #RuhiAlKhalidi #ShimonRokach #AlKarmil #Aliyah #1891 #MutasarrifateOfJerusalem #SublimePorte #Ayan #HoveveiZion #History #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 分
  • The 1917 Nebi Musa Pilgrimage: Jerusalem's Spring of Nationalism

    The 1917 Nebi Musa Pilgrimage: Jerusalem's Spring of Nationalism
    2026/07/19
    In April 1917, as World War I raged and Ottoman rule in Palestine teetered, thousands of Muslims gathered in Jerusalem for the annual Nebi Musa pilgrimage. But this year was different. The procession from the Haram al-Sharif to the shrine of Moses near Jericho became a political demonstration, with banners demanding independence and speeches invoking Arab nationalism. Lucas and Luna explore how this ancient religious festival transformed into a platform for anti-colonial sentiment, examining the role of the Arab Club (al-Muntada al-Adabi), the Islamic Society (al-Jam'iyya al-Islamiyya), and figures like Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Muzaffar and Muhammad Hassan al-Budayri. They discuss the British intelligence reports that noted the event, the Ottoman authorities' uneasy tolerance, and how the 1917 Nebi Musa set the stage for the more famous 1920 riots. With the Balfour Declaration just months away, this quiet pilgrimage carried seeds of the struggle to come. #NebiMusa #Jerusalem1917 #OttomanPalestine #ArabNationalism #HaramAlSharif #WorldWarI #alMuntadaAlAdabi #alJam'iyyaAlIslamiyya #ShaykhAbdAlQadirAlMuzaffar #MuhammadHassanAlBudayri #BritishIntelligence #PalestineHistory #MiddleEastHistory #ReligiousFestival #AntiColonialism #FexingoHistory #History #Palestine Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    8 分
  • The 1918 Famine in Palestine: Starvation as a Weapon

    The 1918 Famine in Palestine: Starvation as a Weapon
    2026/07/18
    In 1918, as World War I raged, Palestine was gripped by a devastating famine that killed an estimated 200,000 people, nearly one-fifth of the population. This episode explores the causes: Ottoman conscription and requisitioning, Allied naval blockades, locust plagues, and the breakdown of the traditional grain trade. We focus on the impact on ordinary people — fellahin and townspeople alike — and how the famine reshaped politics, fueling Arab nationalism and the Zionist project. Key figures include Djemal Pasha, who hoarded food for the Ottoman army, and Aharon Aaronsohn, whose agricultural experiments offered a lifeline. Sources include diaries from Jerusalem and Jaffa, British intelligence reports, and oral histories collected by Palestinian scholars. This is a story of survival, resilience, and the long shadow of wartime deprivation. #FamineInPalestine #1918 #WorldWarI #OttomanEmpire #DjemalPasha #AharonAaronsohn #Fellahin #LocustPlague #Blockade #Jerusalem #Jaffa #ArabNationalism #Zionism #Starvation #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEast #Palestine Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 分
  • The 1925 Waqf Crisis: Islamic Endowments and Colonial Power in Jerusalem

    The 1925 Waqf Crisis: Islamic Endowments and Colonial Power in Jerusalem
    2026/07/18
    In 1925, a little-known confrontation over Islamic charitable endowments—waqf—erupted in Jerusalem, pitting the Supreme Muslim Council against the British Mandate administration. This episode unpacks the struggle over the Haram al-Sharif's funds, the role of the Shari'a court, and how the British attempt to audit waqf revenues triggered a crisis that reshaped Palestinian political consciousness. Featuring figures like Haj Amin al-Husseini, the mufti who turned waqf into a nationalist tool, and the British high commissioner Lord Plumer, whose demand for financial transparency sparked protests from Nablus to Hebron. We explore the 1922 Constitution of Palestine, the role of the Muslim-Christian associations, and how waqf property—hundreds of buildings, olive groves, and grain mills—became a battleground over sovereignty. The episode reveals how a 14th-century legal tradition collided with 20th-century colonialism, and why the crisis ended with the British backing down, but not before deepening the wedge between Jerusalem's religious leaders and the Mandate state. #Waqf #SupremeMuslimCouncil #HajAminAlHusseini #Jerusalem #BritishMandate #HaramAlSharif #ShariaCourt #IslamicEndowments #Palestine #1925 #LordPlumer #Colonialism #MiddleEast #OttomanLegacy #PalestinianHistory #History #FexingoHistory #Decolonization Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    4 分