This episode provides an extensive overview of the complex biological regulation of appetite and energy balance, moving beyond the simple "calories in, calories out" model. It establishes that fat tissue is an active endocrine organ that produces hormones crucial for signaling the brain about the body's energy status. The episode highlights the central role of the hormone leptin, explaining that it suppresses hunger when fat stores are adequate and drives eating when stores are low. I contrast leptin deficiency, which causes unrelenting hunger and metabolic disease that is treatable with hormone replacement, with the more common condition of leptin resistance seen in obesity, where the brain fails to respond to high leptin levels, thereby promoting continued hunger and weight gain. Ultimately, this episode argues that appetite and weight regulation are governed by hormonal feedback systems that often override conscious control, underscoring the biological challenge of managing weight.

Studies on which this episode was based:

Dr. Shilpa Balaji Asegaonkar. Insights into role of adipose tissue as endocrine organ. International Journal of Diabetes Research, 1(1):01–04, January 2019. doi:10.33545/26648822.2019.v1.i1a.1.

Alexandros Vegiopoulos, Maria Rohm, and Stephan Herzig. Adipose tissue: between the extremes. The EMBO Journal, 36(14):1999–2017, June 2017. doi:10.15252/embj.201696206.

F. Lonnqvist. The obese (OB) gene and its product leptin–a new route toward obesity treatment in man? QJM, 89(5):327–332, May 1996. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/89.5.327.

Julie A. Chowen and Jesu ́s Argente. Leptin and the brain. HMBCI, 7(2):351–360, August 2011. doi:10.1515/hmbci.2011.113.

Jeffrey S Flier and Eleftheria Maratos-Flier. Obesity and the hypothalamus: Novel peptides for new pathways. Cell, 92(4):437–440, February 1998. doi:10.1016/s0092- 8674(00)80937- x.

Milen Hristov. Leptin signaling in the hypothalamus: Cellular insights and therapeutic perspectives in obesity. Endocrines, 6(3):42, August 2025. doi:10.3390/endocrines6030042.

Jiarui Liu, Futing Lai, Yujia Hou, and Ruimao Zheng. Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. Medical Review, 2(4):363–384, August 2022. doi: 10.1515/mr-2022- 0017.