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  • Posterior Analytics Book II Chapters 12-13

    Posterior Analytics Book II Chapters 12-13
    2026/08/15
    In which the nature of causes is diligently examined through the temporal states of existence, process, and occurrence, revealing that causes and effects maintain a constant relation as middle terms whose continuity navigates both simultaneity and succession with a subtle complexity that attends to infinite regress and circular demonstrations. In which the method of discovering definitions is laid bare, guiding the search through the orderly division of genera into indivisible species, the careful selection of essential attributes, and the pursuit of clarity and universality that together secure the precise and unambiguous expression of essence.
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    24 分
  • Posterior Analytics Book II Chapters 1-6

    Posterior Analytics Book II Chapters 1-6
    2026/08/14
    In which the nature of scientific inquiry is carefully examined through the exploration of questions concerning existence, cause, and essence, revealing that every enquiry ultimately seeks a middle term which embodies the cause. Moreover, the distinctions between definition and demonstration are elucidated, alongside the limitations of syllogism and division in attaining true knowledge of a thing’s essence, underscoring the subtleties involved in the pursuit of understanding.
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    23 分
  • Posterior Analytics Book I Chapters 18-22

    Posterior Analytics Book I Chapters 18-22
    2026/08/13
    In which the nature of ignorance is traced to defects of sense perception, and the necessity of induction for attaining universal knowledge is carefully expounded, revealing the indispensable link between sensation and science. Further, the finite bounds of demonstration are examined through the relations of subjects and attributes, establishing that the series of predications and middle terms cannot proceed ad infinitum, thus affirming the existence of ultimate principles in knowledge.
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    26 分
  • Posterior Analytics Book I Chapters 13-17

    Posterior Analytics Book I Chapters 13-17
    2026/08/12
    In which Aristotle discerns the nuanced distinctions between demonstrations of a fact and those of its cause, illustrating how different sciences and the positioning of middle terms in syllogisms bear upon our understanding. He further explores the logical figures most suited to demonstration, the nature of immediate negative propositions, and the various ways errors in knowledge may arise from faulty arrangement or misuse of terms within both immediate and mediate propositions.
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    32 分
  • Posterior Analytics Book I Chapters 1-3

    Posterior Analytics Book I Chapters 1-3
    2026/08/11
    In which the nature of scientific knowledge and demonstration is explored, establishing that true understanding requires prior knowledge of fundamental principles which are indemonstrable yet better known than the conclusions they support. It is carefully argued that demonstration must proceed from these primary principles without circularity, for knowledge depends on recognising causes and distinctions that make absolute proof possible.
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    19 分
  • Prior Analytics Book II Chapters 25-27

    Prior Analytics Book II Chapters 25-27
    2026/08/10
    In which the nature of abduction is delicately explored as a form of reasoning that edges us nearer to knowledge when certain middle terms are credible, and the art of objection is examined through the interplay of universal and particular propositions within syllogistic figures. Likelihoods and signs are distinguished, and their relationship to syllogisms is considered with care, revealing the subtle ways in which we may discern natural dispositions through bodily signs as reflections of inward passions.
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    19 分
  • Prior Analytics Book II Chapters 15-19

    Prior Analytics Book II Chapters 15-19
    2026/08/09
    In which the nature of syllogisms formed from opposite propositions is carefully examined, revealing the figures and conditions under which contradictions and contraries may yield valid inferences or lead to fallacious reasoning. In which the discussion turns to the perils of begging the question—demonstrating that such a fault undermines proof by assuming what is to be proved, thereby entrapping the reasoner in a subtle circularity that obscures true demonstration.
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    25 分