The Oldest Republic – Episode 5

For centuries, a small republic has walked through history.
No empire, no great army — and yet it has survived invasions, pressure and world wars.

In this episode of The Oldest Republic, we explore one of the key reasons behind San Marino’s extraordinary longevity: diplomacy. Through prudence, negotiation and a constant search for balance, the Republic has secured its place in the international system.

We begin with the foundations of sovereignty and legitimacy, showing how San Marino built recognition over time, not through force, but through continuity, institutions and a strong sense of libertas.

From the Renaissance to the age of revolutions, the Republic navigates between powerful neighbours, facing threats such as Cesare Borgia, the ambitions of the Papal State and the crisis of Alberoni’s occupation, always relying on alliances and careful diplomacy.

In the nineteenth century, San Marino strengthens its prestige through neutrality and hospitality, offering refuge to figures like Garibaldi and securing recognition from the Kingdom of Italy.

The twentieth century brings new challenges: Fascism, war and the difficulty of maintaining neutrality in a world at conflict. Yet even in these moments, the Republic remains true to its values, offering shelter to thousands of refugees.

In the post-war decades, San Marino expands its international presence, redefining its role through diplomacy and participation in global relations.

A small state, engaging with the world to survive.

#SanMarino #History #TheOldestRepublic

Welcome to the history of the oldest republic in the world.

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This podcast is sponsored by the Department of Foreign Affairs of San Marino, with the support of the San Marino Centre for Historical Studies (University of San Marino).

The texts are based on L. Gorgolini, S. Pivato (eds.), History of San Marino, 2026. This episode is based on chapter 5: M. Chiaruzzi, Foreign Relations of the Republic.

Author: Giuseppe Giardi
Hosts: Carlotta Serra Ciotti and Federica Ghirotti
Video: Luca Zucchi

Chapters
00:00 Introduction
00:41 Sovereignty and legitimacy
02:48 The strategy to survive: diplomacy and protection
05:07 Among giants
08:54 Neutrality and prestige
12:27 From the Mount to the World: 20th Century