Rules to Speak By: John Snow on the Rules—Not Mere Tips—of Oral Advocacy
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Rules to Speak By: John Snow on the Rules—Not Mere Tips—of Oral Advocacy
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John Snow, Director of Legal and Trial Training at the Los Angeles City Attorney's Office and author of Rules to Speak By (Carolina Academic Press, 2026), joins Tim Kowal and Jeff Lewis to discuss what it actually takes to be an effective oral advocate. Snow has tried more than 30 cases to completion in state and federal court and spent years designing trial training programs for lawyers at the LA City Attorney's Office, experience that grounds every practical lesson in the book.
Snow argues that oral advocacy is a rule-governed discipline, not a natural talent, and that the lawyers who appear effortless have simply practiced more than anyone realizes. Drawing on cognitive psychology research alongside transcripts from high-profile trials, he explains how audiences absorb spoken argument and how advocates routinely lose their audience without knowing it. He walks through specific techniques, including the one-fact-per-question rule on cross-examination, slide design that functions like a billboard rather than a script, and how to respond to hostile bench questions without hedging or losing credibility. He also addresses how trial conduct shapes the appellate record, making clear that a single, well-placed sentence at trial can preserve an issue for review.
Drawing on cognitive psychology research and transcripts from high-profile trials, he explains how audiences absorb spoken argument—and how advocates routinely lose their audience without knowing it.
We discuss:
- The one-fact-per-question rule on cross-examination—otherwise you’ll lose the witness, and the jury.
- Designing PowerPoint slides? Think billboards, not scripts
- How to respond to hostile bench questions without hedging or losing credibility.
- The cognitive psychology principles behind Snow's ten rules for oral advocacy
- Cross-examination technique and how precise phrasing controls witness responses
- Handling hostile questions from an appellate panel without losing confidence
What is the single oral advocacy habit you have found hardest to break, even after years in the courtroom?