What happens when kids bite off more than they can chew? Today we discuss pediatric foreign body ingestion, specifically focusing on button batteries. This episode was written by pediatric resident Mariama Lei Poquiz and pediatricians Lidia Park and Tammy Yau, with content support from pediatric gastroenterologist Dean Libet. Pediatricians Tammy and Lidia take full responsibility for any errors or misinformation.

Follow us on Twitter/X @Pediagogypod, Instagram/Threads @pediagogy, Bluesky @pediagogypodcast.bluesky.social, and connect with us at pediagogypod@gmail.com

Key Points:

• Children of all ages are at risk for foreign body ingestion, with children ages 6-36 months at the most risk due to their developmental stage. Other vulnerable populations include children and adolescents with behavioral, developmental, and psychiatric conditions. About 98% of all foreign body ingestions in children are found to be both accidental and composed of common items found in the home, including magnets, batteries, coins, toys, jewelry.
• Button batteries in the esophagus are an emergency and should be endoscopically removed within 2 hours of ingestion. It is important to assess for esophageal injury and aortic involvement because esophageal associated injuries are common and aortoenteric fistulas have a high mortality rate.
• Button batteries distal to the esophagus can be managed depending on the child’s age and battery size in conjunction with the clinician’s clinical decision-making skills. If a button battery has not passed the stomach within 14 days of ingestion or if a child develops GI symptoms, the battery must be removed endoscopically.
• For more information regarding button battery safety, please visit the National Safety Council’s page on button batteries and the US Consumer Product Safety Commission’s page on button, cell, and coin batteries. For button battery ingestion, please call 911 and for immediate triage questions please call the National Battery Ingestion Hotline at 1-800-498-8666.

References

Anfang RR, Jatana KR, Linn RL, Rhoades K, Fry J, Jacobs IN. pH-neutralizing esophageal irrigations as a novel mitigation strategy for button battery injury. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(1):49-57. doi:10.1002/lary.27312

Clinker C, Alvey B, Reynolds E, Wieck M. Post-extraction management of esophageal button battery injuries in children: A scoping review of imaging, ICU admission, and NPO practices. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2026;61(7):163066. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2026.163066

Dana E. Stone, Bryan C. Lembo; Foreign Body Ingestion and Aspiration. Pediatr Rev June 2026; 47 (6): 352–355. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2025-006817

Foreign Body Ingestion Algorithms: Button Battery, Coin/Blunt Objects, Magnet, Sharp Objects, Esophageal Food Impaction.

Kramer RE, Lerner DG, Lin T, et al. Management of ingested foreign bodies in children: a clinical report of the NASPGHAN Endoscopy Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;60(4):562-574. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000729

Leinwand K, Brumbaugh DE, Kramer RE. Button Battery Ingestion in Children: A Paradigm for Management of Severe Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestions. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2016;26(1):99-118. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2015.08.003

Litovitz T, Whitaker N, Clark L, White NC, Marsolek M. Emerging battery-ingestion hazard: clinical implications. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6):1168-1177. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3037

McMahon K, Conners GP, Mohseni M. Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestion. [Updated 2025 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430915/

National Capital Poison Center’s Button Battery Ingestion triage and treatment guideline | poison control. National Capital Poison Center. 2018. Accessed July 22, 2026. https://www.poison.org/battery/guideline.

Sutherland J, Bowen L. Ingestion of foreign bodies and caustic substances in children. BJA Educ. 2023;23(1):2-7. doi:10.1016/j.bjae.2022.09.003

Today we discuss pediatric fractures in the emergency department. We focus on how to identify fractures that may be indicative of child abuse versus those caused by accidental trauma or other medical conditions.

This episode was written by UCD pediatric resident Mariama Lei Poquiz, with content support from pediatric emergency medicine and child abuse specialist Julia Magaña and additional help and guidance from pediatric hospitalist Lidia Park. Pediatricians Tammy and Lidia take full responsibility for any errors or misinformation.

Follow us on Twitter/X @Pediagogypod, Instagram/Threads @pediagogy, Bluesky @pediagogypodcast.bluesky.social, and connect with us at pediagogypod@gmail.com

Key points:

· Pediatric fractures may be the cause of accidental, medical, or non-accidental causes. Evaluation of pediatric fractures caused by non-accidental trauma can be done by taking a thorough history, a meticulous physical exam, and clinical judgement supplemented by imaging and laboratory data.

· While there are no pathognomonic fractures indicative of child abuse, there are high risk features that increase the suspicion for child abuse. Additionally, there are fractures with higher specificity for child abuse than others. These high specificity fractures include those in the ribs, pelvis, scapula, sternum, classic metaphyseal lesions, and long bones in non-ambulatory children.

· Toddler’s fractures are accidental fractures that may mimic child abuse.

· The radiographic skeletal survey is the standard screening tool for evaluating children under 2 years old who are suspected of being abused. It is important to also do a follow up skeletal survey approximately 2 weeks after the initial one if the first skeletal survey was positive, equivocal, or negative, but with persistent clinical suspicion. These specific findings can be found in the American College of Radiology guidelines. Other work-up can include head imaging and laboratory studies.

Sources:

Auerbach, M., Coombs, C., Lindberg, D., Magaña, J., Ornstein, A., Sharma, S., & Tiyyagura, G. (2023, October). Bottom Line Recommendations: Child Abuse. Emergency Medical Services for Children Innovation and Improvement Center and Translating Emergency Medicine for Kids.

Cindy W. Christian, COMMITTEE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT, James E. Crawford-Jakubiak, Emalee G. Flaherty, John M. Leventhal, James L. Lukefahr, Robert D. Sege, Harriet MacMillan, Catherine M. Nolan, Linda Anne Valley, Tammy Piazza Hurley; The Evaluation of Suspected Child Physical Abuse. Pediatrics May 2015; 135 (5): e1337–e1354. 10.1542/peds.2015-0356

Cohen H, Miller S, Levin T, et al. ACR–SPR Practice Parameter for the Performance and Interpretation of Skeletal Surveys in Children. Amended 2023 (Resolution 2c, 2d)

Sait S, Havariyoun G, Newman H, Das S, Haque S. Effective radiation dose of skeletal surveys performed for suspected physical abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 2023 Jan;53(1):69-77. doi: 10.1007/s00247-022-05477-6. Epub 2022 Aug 17. PMID: 35974201.

Suzanne Haney, Susan Scherl, Linda DiMeglio, Jeannette Perez-Rossello, Sabah Servaes, Nadia Merchant, and the COUNCIL ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT, SECTION ON ORTHOPAEDICS, SECTION ON RADIOLOGY, and SECTION ON ENDOCRINOLOGY, and the SOCIETY FOR PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY; Evaluating Young Children With Fractures for Child Abuse: Clinical Report. Pediatrics February 2025; 155 (2): e2024070074. 10.1542/peds.2024-070074

Tibial shaft fractures - pediatric. Orthobullets. Accessed June 12, 2026. https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4026/tibial-shaft-fractures--pediatric.

Toddler fracture | Radiology Reference Article. Radiopaedia. Accessed June 12, 2026. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/toddler-fracture?lang=us.

Translating Emergency Knowledge for Kids. (2021, March). Bottom Line Recommendations Pediatric Fractures.

When do we use inflammatory markers? What do they tell us? Learn how these lab values make a difference in your clinical decision making!

This episode was written by pediatricians Lidia Park and Tammy Yau as well as pediatrics resident Anjali Doshi, with content support from Natasha Nakra, pediatric infectious disease physician. Pediatricians Tammy and Lidia take full responsibility for any errors or misinformation.

Follow us on Twitter/X @Pediagogypod, Instagram/Threads @pediagogy, Bluesky @pediagogypodcast.bluesky.social, and connect with us at pediagogypod@gmail.com

Key Points:

• ESR is a marker of inflammation anywhere in the body. It is non-specific and doesn’t always indicate infection.
• CRP is an acute phase reactant that can be useful in inflammation or infection, but is also non-specific. This can be useful in trending if an infectious process or inflammation is improving.
• Recent studies now show that procalcitonin is a non-specific marker for bacterial infections and more clinicians are leaning away from using this marker.
• It is important before ordering these markers to assess which is needed and if a normal or elevated level will change your clinical plan before ordering unnecessary tests.

References:

Pihl AF, Balamuth F, Michelson KA. Inflammatory markers in pediatrics. Pediatr Rev. 2025;46(4):231-245. doi:10.1542/pir.2023-006920

Bell SG, Goldman RD. Pediatric Sepsis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; updated January 2025. Accessed June 27, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557485/

Shah S, Bachur R. Pediatric Dehydration. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; updated 2025. Accessed June 27, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441843/

Shane AL, Sánchez PJ, Stoll BJ. Neonatal Sepsis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; updated 2025. Accessed June 27, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539794/

Yo CH, Hsieh PS, Lee SH, et al. Comparison of the test characteristics of procalcitonin to C-reactive protein and leukocytosis for the detection of serious bacterial infections in children presenting with fever without source: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(5):591-600. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7640940/

Woods CR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of well-appearing febrile infants 8 to 60 days of age. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(3):538-543. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz635

Stockmann C, Ampofo K, Killpack J, et al. Procalcitonin accurately identifies hospitalized children with low risk of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(1):46-53. doi:10.1093/jpids/pix018