『Meta & Fysikken』のカバーアート

Meta & Fysikken

Meta & Fysikken

著者： Dr. Karina Kjær & Anders Jensen
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Vi taler om universet, tiden, jordkloden, mennesket og meget mere. Ingen akademisk baggrund nødvendig. Vi bringer det hele ned i øjenhøjde!Anders Jensen & Karina Kjær 博物学 哲学 社会科学 科学 自然・生態学
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  • Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 123: AI - Hvad er egentlig meningen med det?

    Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 123: AI - Hvad er egentlig meningen med det?
    2026/07/10
    Vi går lidt i dybden med AI og stiller en række spørgsmål. Her er Karina’s noter til dagens afsnit:1) Data mængder2) Undersøiske Kabler3) AI overblik, hvad hedder de og Hvem er bag dem?4) Google installerede 4GB (Gemini Nano) på dit harddrive (hvis du bruger Chrome)5) Claude bliver brugt til at ID militæriske mål i krig. 6) Er vi produktet?7) Claude har J-Space!8) Pavens Brev om AI9) Last Q ---------1: Data produced vs. Data storagehttps://rivery.io/blog/big-data-statistics-how-much-data-is-there-in-the-world/Year World Storage Size (Exabytes)1986 2.6 EB1993 15.8 EB2000 54.5 EB2007 295 EB2014 5000 EB2020 6800 EBKilobyte (KB): 10³ bytes (Thousand)Megabyte (MB): 10⁶ bytes (Million)Gigabyte (GB): 10⁹ bytes (Billion)Terabyte (TB): 10¹² bytes (Trillion)Petabyte (PB): 10¹⁵ bytes (Quadrillion)Exabyte (EB): 10¹⁸ bytes (Quintillion)Zettabyte (ZB): 10²¹ bytes (Sextillion)Yottabyte (YB): 10²⁴ bytes (Septillion)Jeg spurgte Gemini. Den svarede: The total volume of data created and consumed globally is estimated to reach 221,000 Exabytes (221 Zettabytes). 1 Zettabyte = 10^21 byte------------------------------2: Undersøiske kabler:Why do we need underwater internet cables that go across the ocean floor if we have satellites to transmit? This is not quite adding up?There are two reasons to prefer cables. The most often cited, is latency, which is by far the leastimportant. The least mentioned and most important is power efficiency.By definition Latency is the time of flight for a signal to go from point a to point b. This is not to be confused with bandwidth. A cable 6,000 km long would connect NY and London. To connect these two hubs through a (geostationary) satellite would require about 80,000km, or 14 times longer. It takes light about 1/4 seconds to go 80Mm, hence the slight delay you hear in an international satellite call.Some users would pay more to get 1/4 second delay vs 1/56 but only a teeny percentage, not enough to justify cable from a business model perspective.How about power efficiency? Suppose we have a two watt signal. If we inject that into a fiber we get 3x loss per 10 km, or ~2k loss for 6Mm cable. So we get 1mW in London if we send 2W from NY. Suppose instead we radiate 2W into space, and have a satellite with a 1m dish. Then we get (spherical spreading loss) about .0000000000000001 Watts of signal on the satellite. And we haven’t even made it back to the ground yet!Which do you prefer: 1mW or 10−13 mW?-------------------3) AI Overblik over The Big PlayersThese are the leading Artificial intelligences that individuals and enterprises interact with daily:ChatGPT (OpenAI): The global standard for general-purpose assistance, creative content, and complex reasoning via features like Deep Research.Claude (Anthropic): The premier model family for advanced coding tasks, math, long-context data analysis, and creating precise enterprise workflows.Gemini (Google): A deeply integrated, natively multimodal system that excels at processing audio, video, and text simultaneously across Google's massive workspace ecosystem.Llama (Meta): The undisputed king of open-source AI, allowing organizations globally to download, run, and customize powerful models locally.Apple's er ikke på listen som sådan. De har Apple Intelligence, som er en integreret del i deres OS. Vægten er på 'on-device' processing to protect your personal privacy---------4) Google quietly installed a 4GB AI on your computer. No notification. No opt-in. Over a billion devices.Senator Warren is publicly demanding answers about what it collects.Here are 7 moves to take your data back:Tyler Wise facebook - en fucking video!Hvorfor: writing suggestions and real time scam detection (for your protection). Det lyder jo godt. Men, hvad ser den ellers af din data og hvad sender den tilbage?Hvis du vil checke om det er installeret på din PC/Mobil tlf. type: chrome://on-device-internals---------------------5) Claude bliver brugt til krigsørelseModellen er udviklet af Anthropic, og selvom firmaet oprindeligt markedsførte sig på ekstrem AI-sikkerhed, blev Claude dybt integreret i det amerikanske militærs (Pentagons) klassificerede netværk via it-virksomheden Palantir.-Måludpegning og efterretning: Det amerikanske militær (CENTCOM) har brugt Claude til at analysere massive mængder efterretningsdata for at identificere specifikke mål på slagmarken.-Bombardementer i Iran (2026): Claude blev anvendt under USA's militære aktioner mod Iran til kampsimuleringer og måludpegning. Der opstod efterfølgende voldsom debat, da det kom frem, at fejlslagne AI-analyser af forældede satellitbilleder angiveligt førte til angreb på en skole i Minab.-Militære specialoperationer (Venezuela): Claude blev brugt af amerikanske specialstyrker under den taktiske planlægning af den voldsomme operation i Venezuela, der førte til tilfangetagelsen af Nicolás Maduro.I juni 2026 udstedte et akut ...
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    1 時間 21 分
  • Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 124: El Nino, Heat Domes & iskapper

    Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 124: El Nino, Heat Domes & iskapper
    2026/08/05
    Vi dykker lidt ned i jordens varmestrømme. Hvad er det der sker lige denne sommer?Her er Karina’s noter til dagens afsnit.1) Heat Dome, eller hvad DMI kalder det - Omega-Blokering2) Hvad er El Niño3) Hvad er El Niña4) Hvordan er 2026 El Niño anderledes?5) Is-kappe re-generering-----------------1) Heat Dome, eller hvad DMI kalder det - Omega-BlokeringOmegablokering lagde låg på vejret og løftede Danmark til 37 graderEn fastlåst bølge i atmosfæren sendte varm luft fra Nordafrika mod Danmark og var med til at udløse sidste uges hedebølge. Klimaforandringer skaber ikke omegablokeringen, men gør den varme, som følger med, mere intens. En ny blokering er ved at sætte sig fast.https://www.dmi.dk/nyheder/2026/omegablokering-lagde-laag-paa-vejret-og-loeftede-danmark-til-37-grader——-2) Hvad er El Niño:El Niño is a naturally occurring climate pattern characterized by the unusual warming of surface waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It represents the "warm phase" of a larger, global ocean-atmosphere cycle called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Under normal conditions, equatorial trade winds blow steadily from east to west (from South America toward Asia), pushing warm surface water into the western Pacific. During an El Niño event, these trade winds weaken or completely reverse. This allows the massive pool of warm water to slosh backward across the ocean toward the Americas.By shifting where vast amounts of ocean heat are released into the atmosphere, El Niño disrupts weather patterns worldwide:The Americas: Warmer coastal waters suppress the normal upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep sea water, severely disrupting local marine ecosystems and fishing industries. The shifting Pacific jet stream brings heavy rainfall, storms, and increased flood risks to the southern United States and western South America.Asia and Australia: Because the warm pool of water moves away from the western Pacific, places like Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Australia experience decreased rainfall, resulting in severe droughts and heightened wildfire risks.Global Temperatures: El Niño acts as a temporary booster for global heat, often pushing global average temperatures to record-breaking levels.Imagine a giant, shallow bathtub. Normally, the wind blows hard across the tub, pushing all the warm surface water to one side (Asia) while cold water wells up at the back (South America). During El Niño, the wind suddenly stops blowing. That massive wall of hot water sloshes straight back across the tub toward the Americas.Right now, in July 2026, the Pacific Ocean is sloshing backwards, and it's unleashing an unbelievable amount of heat into our global weather system.Frequency: Occurs irregularly every two to seven years.Duration: Typically lasts 9 to 12 months, usually developing in the northern hemisphere's spring/summer, peaking around December (hence its Spanish name, "the Christ Child" or "little boy"), and fading by the following spring--------3) Hvad er El NiñaOpposite Phase: Its cool-phase counterpart is La Niña, which features unusually cold ocean temperatures in the exact same region of the Pacific.If El Niño is the "slosh" where warm water rushes eastward, La Niña is the "super-charge" of normal conditions. During a La Niña event, the easterly trade winds blow much stronger than usual. This acts like a giant broom, aggressively sweeping warm surface water westward toward Asia and Australia. As that warm water is pushed away, deep, icy-cold, and nutrient-rich water is pulled up to the ocean surface off the coast of South America—a process known as intense upwelling.How La Niña Flips Global WeatherBecause the vast pool of ocean heat is pinned far over in the western Pacific, the global jet stream shifts dramatically:The United States and Canada: The polar jet stream moves farther north. This pushes freezing, moisture-heavy arctic air directly into western Canada and the northern U.S., creating severe, snow-heavy winters. Conversely, the southern U.S. gets left high and dry, suffering through warmer, severe drought conditions. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]Australia and Southeast Asia: With an overwhelming amount of hot water packed right against their coastlines, the atmosphere goes into hyperdrive. This brings heavy rainfall, intense monsoons, and devastating flood risks to eastern Australia, Indonesia, and India. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]The Hurricane Engine: Unlike El Niño, which tears Atlantic storms apart with high-altitude winds, La Niña reduces wind shear. This acts like premium fuel for tropical systems, typically triggering intense, highly destructive Atlantic hurricane seasonsDuration: La Niña events are notoriously stubborn. While El Niño usually fades in under a year, La Niña can easily persist for two or three consecutive years (often referred to as a "triple-dip")The Current 2026 Situation: The planet just finished a multi-year weak La Niña ...
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    1 時間 5 分
  • Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 122: AMOC og Antartika

    Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 122: AMOC og Antartika
    2026/06/09

    Idag gen-besøger vi et emne vi i sin tid havde Jesper Theilgaard inde og tale om. Verdenshavene og strømmene. Der sker lidt!

    Her er Karina’s noter.

    AMOC:

    The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a major system of ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, that transports warm water to the North Atlantic and colder water south. It acts as a vital heat conveyor, ensuring mild temperatures in Europe. Due to climate change—specifically freshwater influx from melting glaciers—the AMOC is weakening, threatening a potential collapse that could drastically alter global weather patterns.

    Function: It acts like a conveyor belt, transporting warm, salty water from the tropics to the North Atlantic and cold, deep water back south.

    Significance: It keeps Europe warmer than other regions at similar latitudes and influences global climate patterns, including the monsoon in Asia.

    Weakening Trend: Studies suggest the AMOC is at its weakest in over 1,000 years.

    Risks: A collapse could cause severe consequences, including much colder European winters, accelerated sea-level rise, and shifts in tropical rainfall.

    Potential Collapse: Research indicates the system is approaching a critical tipping point, with some studies suggesting a potential collapse this century.

    AMOC collapse could turn Southern Ocean into carbon source, adding 0.2°C to global warming — Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

    -

    Klimaforsker: 5 ting, jeg ville ønske, alle vidste om AMOC-havstrømme:

    Den globale opvarmning gør havvandet lettere, og øget tilførsel af ferskvand fra blandt andet Grønland reducerer saltholdigheden.

    Det betyder, at mindre af det tungere kolde vand i Nordatlanten synker mod bunden og dermed giver plads til lunere vand i overfladen.

    Det bremser cirkulationen af det varme og kolde vand og svækker det samlede system.

    For 12800 år siden - den yngre Dryas periode - dengang Istidens store iskapper var på retræte, mener man at der var en svækkelse af AMOC pga store intense tilførsler af ferskvand fra smeltende iskapper i Nordamerika til Nordatlanten.

    Under Yngre Dryas opstod en næsten istidslignende periode i Nord- og Vesteuropa, hvor temperaturerne faldt voldsomt inden for få årtier og forblev lave i 1.000 år.Gletsjere rykkede frem igen, og vegetationen ændrede sig hurtigt i retning af mere kuldetolerante arter.

    Dette kan muligvis været triggeret af et vulkanudbrud: Undervurderet joker kan før have udløst voldsomme klimaforandringer

    Vulkanudbrud puffede dengang til et klimasystem, der i forvejen var ude af balance. Ubalancen skyldtes blandt andet, at enorme mængder fersk smeltevand fossede ud i det nordatlantiske hav fra de flere kilometer tykke iskapper, der dækkede store dele af den nordlige halvkugle. Ferskvandet forstyrrede havets saltbalance og dermed de vigtige nordatlantiske strømme, der fordeler varme fra Jordens sydlige halvkugle til den nordlige.»I istiden var klimaet tæt på et 'tipping point'. Når noget er lige ved at vælte, skal der ikke meget til at skubbe det ud over kanten,« siger en anden af forskerne bag studiet, Peter Ditlevsen, der er professor i klimamodellering på Niels Bohr Institutet i København.

    https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/weather/2026/04/23/studies-warn-amoc-ocean-current-in-trouble/89720003007/

    Udsigterne:

    AMOC kollaps allerede 2065. Man ved ikke om det er en langsom svækkelse eller et pludseligt skift.

    Det er IKKE en kommende istid. Det er ændringer i havcirkulationen, som kan gøre vores klima køligere og mere ustabilt.

    CO2 niveauer som for 2-3 millioner år siden.

    Regional temperature changes would be even more pronounced than global mean temperature change. In one scenario at CO₂ concentrations of 450ppm – last experienced by the Earth several million years ago, when polar ice was significantly reduced – Antarctic temperatures rise by 6°C while Arctic temperatures drop by 7°C due to AMOC collapse.(fra PIK)

    Et kollaps af AMOC can frigive CO2 i de sydlige have, hvilket vi
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    1 時間 3 分
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