An overview of lipids, detailing their biochemical properties, metabolic pathways, physiological roles in normal and diseased states, laboratory testing methodologies, result interpretation, and crucial pre-analytical considerations for accurate analysis. The interconnectedness of lipid metabolism, disease development (particularly cardiovascular), and clinical significance is highlighted. Understanding lipid principles, from molecular characteristics to clinical correlations, is emphasized for effective diagnosis and management

An overview of carbohydrates and their metabolism, explaining fundamental biochemical pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, alongside their regulation and physiological significance in maintaining blood glucose. Laboratory testing procedures are discussed for glucose and related markers such as HbA1c and ketones, crucial for diagnosing and monitoring conditions like diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. Various metabolic disorders including glycogen storage diseases and galactosemia are discussed, alongside the physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates and essential precautions for accurate testing and result interpretation

Microcytic anemias, characterized by small red blood cells, are explored with attention to their definitions, causes, and diagnostic features