How Spain's Asiento Turned Commerce Into a Seven-Million-Person Engine of Profit
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How Spain's Asiento Turned Commerce Into a Seven-Million-Person Engine of Profit
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Ambition and bureaucracy combined to create a legal machine that moved over seven million people across an ocean while keeping its operators clean of criminal charges - a single asiento licence sold in 1518 for 25,000 ducats helped spawn an institutional system that lasted two centuries. How did a contractual monopoly, counted in piezas rather than people, become the Atlantic world’s most efficient engine of forced migration?
In this episode, we tell the story of the Asiento de Negros and the commercial architecture behind it. The episode traces how treaties, treaties’ gaps, financiers and state needs turned the asiento into a persistent mechanism for sourcing, shipping, and accounting for enslaved people - and asks how a legal licence became an industrial-scale trade.
Person: Laurent de Gouvenot
Date: August 1518
Event: Sale of asiento licence for 25,000 ducats
Period: Two centuries of Atlantic trade
Volume: More than seven million people moved across the Atlantic
- The 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas divided the Atlantic, giving Spain the Americas and Portugal the African coast.
- Laurent de Gouvenot received a licence in August 1518 to transport 4,000 people and sold it within months for 25,000 ducats.
- By 1525 the first known transatlantic slave ship under an asiento sailed from São Tomé.
- By 1595, during the Iberian Union, 85% of enslaved people arriving in Spanish colonies came from Angola on Portuguese ships.
- Domenico Grillo and Ambrogio Lomellini received a contract in 1662 to supply 24,000 people over seven years.
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