Global H5N1 Avian Flu Spreads Across Continents With Increasing Mammalian Transmission and Emerging Human Health Risks in 2025
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Global H5N1 Avian Flu Spreads Across Continents With Increasing Mammalian Transmission and Emerging Human Health Risks in 2025
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This is Avian Flu Watch, your global H5N1 tracker. We’re monitoring the spread, the hotspots, and the evolving risk.
Since early 2025, highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has driven a sustained global epizootic. Wild birds remain the primary vector, with transmission now entrenched across North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. Antarctica reported its first H5N1 detection in late 2023, raising concerns about catastrophic breeding failures in immunologically naïve wildlife.
In the Americas, the picture is complex. In 2025, nine countries reported 508 outbreaks in birds, with thousands of wild bird detections, especially in the United States and Canada. The virus has spread from North America into South America, primarily along migratory flyways. Phylogeographic studies show two main South American transmission routes: an avian-derived pathway originating in Argentina, and a pinniped-derived route from Chile, with Uruguay and Brazil acting as secondary sources. A notable 2025 reassortment event in Argentina, where H5N1 acquired four gene segments from a local low-pathogenic avian influenza virus, highlights the risk of new, potentially more transmissible variants emerging in the region.
Europe continues to see widespread circulation. Hungary reported 10,000 crane deaths in a single event, underscoring the virus’s lethality in wild birds. Outbreaks persist in poultry and wild populations across multiple countries, with ongoing gene exchange between H5N1 and local flu strains.
In Asia, the situation is mixed. China reported a human H5N1 case in early 2025 with co-infection of SARS-CoV-2, and genomic analysis shows complex reassortment between wild bird-origin H5 and bovine-origin H5N1 strains. In Southeast Asia, Cambodia has seen repeated human clusters, often linked to contact with sick poultry, with multiple fatalities in 2025. India also reported a fatal human H5N1 case this year.
Between January and early September 2025, 19 human H5N1 infections were reported globally, including three deaths, in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, and India. The World Health Organization reports that since 2003, 991 human H5N1 cases have been reported worldwide, with 476 deaths, a case fatality rate of about 48 percent.
Containment has had both successes and failures. Rapid culling and movement restrictions in some European and Asian countries have limited spillover to humans. However, in parts of South America and Southeast Asia, limited genomic surveillance and delayed response have allowed the virus to establish in wild and domestic populations, creating persistent reservoirs.
A major concern is the emergence of bovine-origin H5N1 in North America. These strains show evidence of transmission from infected cattle to poultry, cats, raccoons, and other mammals. Studies note that these viruses retain a long-stalk N1 neuraminidase, which improves mobility in mammalian respiratory mucus, and carry PB2 mutations that enhance replication in mammalian cells. Human infections among dairy workers, linked to raw milk and the production chain, point to novel zoonotic routes beyond traditional poultry contact.
For travelers, the risk remains low but not zero. Avoid live bird markets, do not handle sick or dead birds, and avoid consuming raw milk or undercooked poultry in affected areas. Public health authorities emphasize that while efficient human-to-human transmission is not yet established, the ongoing spread in mammals and reassortment events demand heightened vigilance.
Thank you for tuning in to Avian Flu Watch. Come back next week for more. This has been a Quiet Please production. For me, check out Quiet Please Dot A I.
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