Michael Harrington was a writer and scholar primarily concerned with the problem of poverty within the otherwise affluent postwar 20th Century USA. He grew up in a Midwestern Irish-American family, and he attended parochial schools, where he excelled academically. Harrington moved to New York & became involved in the Catholic Worker movement, before he lost his faith and turned to more secular political organizations. He considered himself a socialist, but he downplayed those beliefs when he wrote a bestselling book aimed at liberal reformers entitled "The Other America: Poverty in the United States." That 1962 work became a bestseller that helped to inspired Pres. Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs. Harrington continued to speak out against economic inequality throughout his life. He founded Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) during the 1980s and remained its leader until his 1989 death from esophageal cancer at age 1961. During the 21st Century, DSA experienced a boom in membership, but it also began taking controversial positions that some original members questioned. We conclude the episode by noting that Harrington's work exposing the neglected issue of American poverty remains relevant today, as the USA's unusual gap between relatively high average incomes & relatively low life expectancy continues to grow.

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This brief biography looks at the life of marine biologist and author Rachel Carson, who wrote the book "Silent Spring," widely credited with launching the modern environmental movement. After earning a graduate degree in zoology from Johns Hopkins University, Carson struggled to find employment as an independent woman during the Great Depression of the 1930s, but she eventually secured a role working as a scientist for a federal agency. In 1951, she was able to leave that job upon publication of her first bestseller, "The Sea Around Us." Her follow-up to that book would be even more successful, but also would be more politically divisive. Released to widespread acclaim in 1962, "Silent Spring" exposed the negative ecological toll of pesticides upon animals other than insects, including birds, fish, and humans. Chemical industry groups tried to label Carson as a "hysterical woman" out to damage the American system of "free enterprise" capitalism, but many scientists & politicians were persuaded by her arguments. Although Carson died of cancer in 1964 and therefore did not live to see the full flowering of the environmental movement during the Sixties and Seventies, her concerns about maintaining clean air & water helped bring forth numerous nonprofit organizations & regulatory agencies designed to address such problems. In recent years attempts to move the USA toward green energy have received setbacks, but a new generation of activists continues to be inspired by Carson's legacy to push for a move sustainable world.

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This episode begins with a brief overview of changes to the American religious landscape during the early 1960s, as highly conservative believers were shaken by the Supreme Court's decision against school prayer, and Catholics had a divided reaction to the "Vatican II" reforms to the traditional liturgy. During the Kennedy Administration, the Space Race entered high gear as the USA struggled to match Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's achievement as the first man in outer space. However, by 1962, Mercury program astronauts John Glenn and Scott Carpenter were helping the American government attain its own impressive astronomical achievements. In June 1963, President John F. Kennedy visited divided Germany after the Soviet construction of the infamous Berlin Wall, and he encouraged the population of West Berlin with his legendary "ich bin ein Berliner" speech. Southeast Asia was a more difficult region for American foreign policy, because the pro-Communist members of the Viet Cong were increasingly making inroads into rural areas of South Vietnam, despite the efforts of US Green Berets in training the South Vietnamese army to defeat this elusive enemy. Buddhist protests finally led the Kennedy Administration to abandon Ngo Dinh Diem, the corrupt & venal president of the Republic of South Vietnam. However, Diem's removal & assassination failed to improve matters much, and South Vietnam became a dysfunctional puppet regime of an American government that was increasingly exasperated by its inability to control events in a small Asian country that had gained symbolic importance as a front line in the Cold War. Despite some encouraging steps toward detente with the Soviets, the US government remained concerned about the spread of Communism at the end of 1963.

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